Operations management for creating competitive advantage Essay

Operations management for creating competitive advantage - Essay Example For instance, locations are first selected keeping in mind the country, then the region and lastly the site. Stakeholders, especially the shareholders are taken care of by maximizing the profits of the company and putting back profits in the betterment of the company only. Some of the recommendations that have been given are that of using mathematical techniques in choosing locations and the starting of slotting fees. The budget that will be used is to hire trained human resources and the huge costs for buying backward links that is suppliers. The innovative recommendation is that of using scent marketing. All in all, the company Tesco is practicing efficient operations management but there is always room for improvement, if they want to sustain their position of market leader. This case study is aimed at applying the theoretical side of the study of operations management to a real world company. Operations management is a very broad term and thus it incorporates within itself many various issues and activities through which an organization’s goods and services are changed and transformed from the inputs that were put to the outputs that are produced. It is about the various operations that are performed on the goods and services from the moment their production starts to the moment the customer receives it. In this report, Britain-based company Tesco has been aimed and its operations management activities have been analyzed. Recommendations on how OM activities can be improved have also been given. The report also evaluates the various financials behind the activities as well as the budget that may be required. The problem faced by Tesco is that of sustaining its market leader position. Competition from Sainsbury and other leading retail stores is a big threat for Tesco and it does not want to lose out on market share to these competitors. Thus, improving on operations management is one of the basic things that it can

Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness Essay Joseph Conrad’s The Heart of Darkness has foreshadowing that adds a lot of suspense throughout the book. Conrad used foreshadowing through minor details that are not clearly stated and are to be interpreted as the book continues. The setting of the bookon a small sailing craft on a river as night fallsand Marlows comparison, by implication, of the dark heart of Africa (the Belgian Congo) and the barbarian darkness on the northern fringes of the Roman Empire, both are examples of irony and foreshadowing. In the beginning Marlow is remembering what it may have been like to be a young Roman conqueror exploring through the jungle. He would have had to deal with â€Å"†¦cold, fog, tempests, disease, exile, and death† Marlow mentions how the soldier would have had a â€Å"fascination of the abomination† . Later in the book this same fascination overcame Kurtz after his long time in the Congo, â€Å"he hates sometimes the idea of being taken away† . Even when Marlow finds Kurtz, he can’t â€Å"break the spell – the heavy mute spell of the wilderness – that seemed to draw him to its pitiless breast by the awakening of forgotten and brutal instincts† When Marlow begins to share his story about an earlier sea voyage, he shares with his fellow mates a story about how one of their captains was killed because of a fight that arose over two black hens. Fresleven, one of the men in the fight, began to beat a native because of his desire for the hen. The native’s son broke up the fight and â€Å"made a tentative jab with a spear at the white man – and of course it went quite easy between the shoulder blades† . Marlow then takes Fresleven’s job as captain of the ship, stepping into his shoes. Later on in the book when Marlow’s ship is under a light attack, his helmsman was speared through the ribs, causing him to die. Blood filled Marlow’s shoes, and he threw them overboard. This is an example of foreshadowing, because Marlow fills Fresleven’s shoes without realizing the full extent of the job. It also an example of irony, because when Fresleven, a nice white man is killed, nobody was shaken, yet when the savage was speared Marlow was full of regret. Another example of irony is that Africa is constantly being described as a dark and gloomy place in the novel, but the Europeans are the ones that actually have the dark hearts. The Africans only get violent because they want to keep their culture alive, and the Europeans are willing to throw that away as long as they earn a profit. The only reason the Europeans wanted to invade Africa was for commercial benefits, and that is dark Another example of foreshadowing is the two women knitting black wool outside the office Marlow visited before he went on his journey. The color black often appears to Marlow when he is headed for trouble.. The women were sitting outside, drawing in unsuspecting youth ready for adventure, yet unaware of the danger ahead. Later in the book when Marlow is following Kurtz into the dark, dangerous forest, he reflects that â€Å"the knitting old women with the cat obtruded herself upon my memory as a most improper person to be sitting at the other end of such an affair† . Conrad used irony and foreshadowing by describing the different scenes in a very dark tone that when looking back at them after certain events happen in the book show the way that specific narration such ,as the lady’s knitting black wool, links to the events following it.

Public vs. Private Education Essay -- Compare Contrast School Educatin

Public vs. Private Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have examined and compared public versus private education. Also, this collection of information should help you understand differences between public and private schools. Aspects of equality and achievement in private and public education will be dissected and evaluated. Observations I have evaluated and examined both public and private education instittutional systems. Public Education Public schools are in crisis, and not because of any shortages of public funds (more money is spent on public education than ever before, but with declining results). Many people like to think the problem with our schools is precisely that they are public: "Government schools" are run like the rest of the government, poorly and inefficiently. Teachers are not primarily to blame, because they are also victims of bad conditions of schools and their profession. The solution is to get government out of the business of education and to run education in a more businesslike way. However, education is not a business like other businesses; it does not turn out a product whose value can be expressed adequately in terms of market price. Education does impart business or workplace skills, of course, but the value of reading and writing well cannot be captured fully by a future salary. The love of learning and growing as a student mentally is what shapes each individual's identity in public life. Before much progress can be made, Americans will have to be persuaded that public schools are a public failure -- that they are turning out not just poorly educated students but bad or indifferent citizens. However statistics show that Americans have confidence in public education. In 1997 Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools was the first in which an effort was made to determine whether the public wants to place its confidence in the public schools or to start looking for an alternative system. In that poll, the public clearly indicated its preference for the public schools.. The results clearly affirm the public's belief that our national commitment to educating all our children through the public schools should be maintained. 71% of Americans indicate that the focus in education should be on reforming the existing system. This compares to 27% opting for finding an alternative system such as p... ... school also generally increased with family income. Children from the lowest income families (less than $15,000) were more likely than those from families with incomes over $30,000 to attend a chosen public school. However, the net result of the various types of choice was that children from families with incomes over $50,000 were much less likely than children from families in lower income categories to attend an assigned public school over which they had not exercised any choice. Reference The Condition of Education 1997, 182, based on NCES, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993?94, and the Teacher Follow-up Survey, 1994?95. 14/ NCES, Schools and Staffing in the United States, 1993?94, 107. 15/ V.E. Lee and J.B. Smith, "High School Size: Which Works Best, and for Whom?," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, 1996. 16/ F. Mosteller, R. Light, and J. Sachs, "Sustained Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size," Harvard Educational Review 66 (4) (1996): 797?842. 17/ The Condition of Education 1997, 136, based on NCES, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1987?88, 1990?91, and 1993?94.

Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me

Win! That's the last thing I did. It was amazing! At the age of 24 I had the best run of anyone. It was Sunday 1st of January, it started with a crossword. Going through the questions; one had stomped me, the question was â€Å"† 6 letters down and I was clueless. Then scavenging for words â€Å"danger† was the one that stood out the most, I looked at it strangely. Wildly, the door bell rang. The few seconds that I was walking towards the door I wondered who could be here at this time, 5:00am on this frosty winter's morning. Adrenalin rushed through my body. Slowly the door creaked open like one of those murder movie. Peering out of the door I saw with my first glance a man about the same age and size as me, then looking properly I gazed again no one was there. The giant of a door shut, turning I saw that a letter sluggish glided down towards the floor. The letter, it had nothing on it just at the back a wax, red, black eagle crescent holding the letter closed. Irresolute looking, my hand slowly shaking quavering went to open the letter excited and feeling miss lead by the figure at the door. My hands where on it, opening it when I was interrupted by the phone computer and mobile ringing at the same time. Picking up the phone no one was on the other end. The computer had an email â€Å"you are invited to an annual opening of the Royal Casino.† â€Å"You will be escorted there by your personal butler.† It didn't hit me until I got over the email that, the shady figure at the door might be my butler. There was a 3 second pause in the house I thought â€Å"why was I invited to this casino if I was a nobody?† Feeling dizzy, I when to the kitchen to get a drink of water, filed 3/4 of a wine glass when realising that the letter was still in my hand. As if I was drunk I opened the letter saying†¦ The next day I woke up at about 5:31 a few seconds later the bell rang again. It was him. Looking at me with his deadly amber eyes it felt like he was peering through my very soul using some sort of supernatural powers. The butler asked me what my name was. My mouth was open for a few seconds thinking what to say before I said â€Å"Carlos.† â€Å"Sorry I couldn't properly introduce myself yesterday in the morning† â€Å"my name is Earl† the voice was an extremely posh English accent; he probably came from a long line of high respected people. Suddenly a cold wind breeze shot down my spine making me wonder why I was going to this place I had hardly played in a casino before. â€Å"We will have to go in around 30 minutes† â€Å"we have a tight schedule.† Looking at my watch I started counting it was weird, my head didn't feel right. Escorted to the car it felt like having my own 15 seconds of fame. It took us 32 minutes and a half to get there; when we reached our destination we had 3 guards outside escorting all of us in. The place was armed to the teeth with players. â€Å"Play what ever you want.† Ever player had there unique style of winning. Thinking to myself I didn't know where should I start? Rubbing my hand quickly together, I started playing. Straying to the roulette table I saw a man with a long black coat advanced towards me. We both sat down to play, seemingly a ruthless game. Anticipating my every move he placed the money right on the jackpot. Undergoing this defeat I grow in strength raising the stakes declaring war on that man. Determine not to lose I placed a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50,000 bet on number 14 red. Lifting my hand of lead my eyes shone with light. Weirdly I became the centre of attraction putting à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000 smugly in my pocket. Steering up he gave me an impregnable look, smiled and walked off towards a man in a shadow. While examining more closely standing there amber eyed butler Earl was leaning on the wall and strangely doing nothing. Slowly I proceeded towards him, when his amber eyes tried to corrupt my vision. I stood tremendously and strutted on towards him. Contemptuously, he wanted to say that â€Å"a gentleman was really interested in me and had invited me to go to the VIP section to play a great game of blackjack.† I started to move towards them gradually my heart started to beat faster, going at the speed of a fighter jet. Walking on I started thinking what was with me that people have began to take interest with. The black coated man brought out a 10.5 inch pistol and directed it straight at my head. Unanticipated he plummeted towards the floor. Turning him round I saw a small dart hole in his chest, this could only be made by a blowgun. Thinking to my self I wondered why I was stressing over he killer (saving my life). I went over to the VIP zone amazed that no-one was disturbed by this. There was a tall; man sitting down on an expensive leather seat hand stitched to match the feelings of that person, a brown eyed man called Rasior me asking if I wanted to join in on the game of blackjack. Under shock I wondered if this sort of fiasco would happen again with these sorts of people. The dealer deals the cards and feeling lucky I causally looked at the cards, the 10 of hearts and clubs. I then raised the money to a substantial amount. We all open our hands and I had 20, the rest had 21, the winning number. Gasping for breath I shook my head placed a bet and played again. My loss in confidence might have had a big effect on me. While dealing I hoped I would have better cards this time round. 3 of clubs and 8 of spades; I asked for one more, king of spades. Adding them, a small smirk shone upon my face. 21! Watching them turn over the cards, a wave of sweat was brought out on my face. 21, 21, and 21 weirdly that Rasior won again having the higher valued cards then the rest. Playing on it seamed that luck was not on my side, 3:00 am the match continued and my luck streak shone. Showing that there was hope still in there for me. The last 2 grand; (last chance) to win something worth wile. I knew that I had to get a blackjack or I would loose the game, the first card was a jack then while turning over the second card life seemed to stand still gradually it was all over. 6:00am time for my early morning run. Swiftly the phone rang when I was out shutting the door. I abscond towards the phone. I picked it up and started talking. Again there was no- one on the other end of there phone. Leaping through the window 5-8 black figures encompassed me. Looking at my self on the floor some red liquid substance pouring out of me†¦

Colgate Marketing Essay

Colgate is famous for having a long history of strong relationship with its retail trade partners. This Company delights consumers around there world with a an array of Oral Care, Home Care, Personal Care, and Pet Nutrition products. Small stores around the world are just important to Colgate as large ones. Behind the success of Colgate’s brands are carefully developed business and marketing strategies. Based on consumer and shopper insights, the Company works closely with local merchandisers and shop owners to offer a relevant assortment of products and merchandising services to get high visibility in each store. With a view to promoting their oral products to their target market, the company has been able to use various marketing strategies approaches. In line with above the line promotions, the company uses television, radio and newspaper advertisements and many more. In addition, the company also promotes their products in famous magazines and internet banner ads as well. It can also be said that Colgate-Palmolive also uses via-the-line promotion approach. This is done by considering a via the line communication approach. The company does this by hiring an advertising agency which helps them to make a better advertising campaign for their products. The company had 1713 direct stores as of may 2010. The oral care distribution network isdistribution network is spread across 90 cities in India. The company products are availableacross 4.3 mn retail outlets. Flag ship Brand  ± Colgate Dental Cream is the largest distributed product in the Toothpaste market available in 4.1 MM stores. 1.1.1.Political 1.1.2.Economic Charging higher premium which focused on consuming and lower income classes. Pricing done on the basis of price points Packaging would be customized on the basis of price points. In June, 2012, Colgate-Palmolive announcedcapacity expansion plans in India by opening its fifth production facility in the country with an investment of $20 million. With Procter & Gamble likely to have postponed its decision to enter into the Indian toothpaste market yet again, Colgate has more room to continue building its market share in the fast-expanding Indian oral care market. Colgate currently occupies half of the Indian oral care market and competes with Unilever and local player Dabur. Colgate has continued to grow its market share in Indian oral care market despite stiff competition from Unilever and other low-cost competitors. Its market share in terms of volume increased to 54%last quarter, two percentage points higher than the prior year period. The Colgate brand is almost synonymous with oral care products in India thanks to its deep distribution network and effective marketing strategies, along with focused market activity to increase toothpaste use. Colgate also occupies a 26% share (by volume) of the nascent but fast-growing mouthwash category. The strategy is to phase-out unproductive toothpastes in the baking soda/gel varieties specifically Colgate Baking Soda & Peroxide Oxygen Whitening Frosty Mint Striped Gel, Colgate 2in1 Oxygen Whitening and Cavity Protection Winterfresh Gel. The product packaging will be advertising other Colgate products in an attempt to retain brand loyal users. By October 2011, these varieties of Colgate will no longer be produced for the United States market. In effect, this will generate more cash flow that can be diverted into the creation of new brands and new marketing campaigns thereby decreasing stress upon margin levels. The strategy is to phase-out unproductive toothpastes in the baking soda/gel varieties specifically Colgate Baking Soda & Peroxide Oxygen Whitening Frosty Mint Striped Gel, Colgate 2in1 Oxygen Whitening and Cavity Protection Winterfresh Gel. The product packaging will be advertising other Colgate products in an attempt to retain brand loyal users. . Keys to success can be determined based upon Colgate and its competitions’ past and current market share, trends, strengths and weaknesses. Over the past sixty years there has been a power struggle between Colgate, Aquafresh and Crest to acquire market share. As a category leader it is imperative to follow and predict trends within the United Statestoothpaste industry. Based on the MRI data, regular pasteoutsells beyond all other types of toothpaste and has the highest percentage of users. 1.1.3.Social 2.Geographic:- It depends on region, population, factor, urban conditions etc. On this basis for example, Colgate introduces a sun screen ingredients which protect from sun rays. 3.Demographic:- It comprise age, gender, income , life cycle of family and education. For example young people do not go for hair color treatment. 4.Psychographic:- it depends on persons thinking and what are the 5.Personality characteristic of him. It is a difficult marketing segmentation to implement because sometimes market may not aware of there life style of there people. 6. Behavioral:- It consists two things a) The benefits desired from the product. b)The rate at which customer is using product. 7.It can be applied on Colgate, the benefits from there toothpaste product are no plaque, no cavities, fresh breath, very low price , good quality and white teeth. Product Mix Product Focusing toward rural rich and consuming class by endorsing the development of ‘ Colgate Ayurvedic Toothpowder ’ . For Urban population, they would come up with the products suiting to young generation, for kids in the age group from 4-10 years. Unique Product and able to differentiate from all other products existing in the market e.g. Colgate Herbal White which promises a unique formula. Packaging-green colour ensures the ‘herbal ness’. Target Market Kids Brushing -more effective and fun for kids Sparkling gel comes in 2 exciting variants – Bright Pink gel , and Bright Blue gel ,yummy Bubble Fruit flavour Tweety and bugs bunny are favourites with kids The fruity bubble gum flavour – kids brush longer developing good oral care habits Family Strong teeth and fresh breath Developed using Colgate’s international expertise in oral care Unique formula protects teeth from decay Refreshing minty flavour makes breath super f resh Youth Icy wave of minty coolness Cooling crystals and emphasis on â€Å"taazgi†. In order to gain favorable PR and keep Colgate in the light of the media, this plan suggests a campaign that will donate a 1% of specially marked packages to a charity of ones choice. Partnering with www.charitynavigator.org to create a micro list of charities and their information. Purchasers will be able to choose and track the donations via the Colgate website by answering several demographic questions and entering a unique code. Facebook will feature a separate page that will promote Colgate, describe the donation campaign and charities offered by charitynavigator.org. Also, a downloadable iphone application will be created to track contributions. This marketing tactic will foster a positive image of Colgate, create an increase of sales in specific Colgate brands, harvest demographic customer information, draw added consumers to the Colgate website and more of a presence on Facebook. In order to gain favorable PR and keep Colgate in the light of the media, this plan suggests a ca mpaign that will donate a 1% of specially marked packages to a charity of ones choice. Partnering with www.charitynavigator.org to create a micro list of charities and their information. Purchasers will be able to choose and track the donations via the Colgate website by answering several demographic questions and entering a unique code. Facebook will feature a separate page that will promote Colgate, describe thedonation campaign and charities offered by charitynavigator.org. Also, a downloadable iphone application will be created to track contributions. This marketing tactic will foster a positive image of Colgate, create an increase of sales in specific Colgate brands, harvest demographic customer information, draw added consumers to the Colgate website and more of a presence on Facebook. This idea will be retrofitted to print ads as well by using the same twenty images with the smiling, foamy face and underneath the images will appear the Colgate slogan, â€Å"Colgate A World of Care.† This marketing campaign has the ability to touch a vast consumer base. Th ere is universality to the idea. The concept relates and is identifiable with people because â€Å"everyone brushes their teeth in the pajamas.† Maslow’s hierarchy of needs dictates that the identifiably social component of the commercial will appeal to the subconscious of viewers creating the added value necessary to enhance the image of Colgate and gain added market share. Choosing actors specifically by gender and racial profile can appeal to start-up and young bustling families. This commercial will attract potential users and reaffirm current consumers. The investment in a revitalizing campaign to improve the image of Colgate will inevitably increase market share by 1.00% or $11,141,377 at a minimum. Colgate donates millions of dollars annually to the ADA’s â€Å"Give a Kid A Smile.† Colgate is a direct partner with this ADA program. Colgate can position a positive image by presenting itself as a proactive, helpful productthat is good for teeth, but also for community and country as a whole. In order to gain favorable PR and keep Colgate in the light of the media, this plan suggests a campaign that will donate a 1% of specially marked packages to a charity of ones choice. Donations will grow parallel to product sales by partnering with www.charitynavigator.org to create a micro list of charities and their information. Purchasers will be able to choose and track the donations via the Colgate website by answering several demographic questions and entering a unique code. 7.1.1.Technological Marketing Strategies Market Dominance Market leader – dominance in Oral Care Catering to all the segments -long product line Massive advertising, awareness ,especially in child segment Product Differentiation Different packaging for all its product line Changes packaging according to product innovation Differentiation due to massive promotion on channels Create a different image in the eyes of consumers Innovation Strategy Pioneered in new product development and business model innovation Cutting edge technology- innovation strategy. Positioning and creating Brand Equity Consumer- more health and hygiene conscious Vast consumer base in India Sectoral opportunity in other oral products Smaller packs to drive growth Direct media promotions â€Å"Operation Jagruti† program Educate villagers about oral hygiene Its benefits vis-à  -vis traditional products like â€Å"Neem† Conducted by giving product trials and free samples The steps Colgate took were to redesign its distribution network, improve its transportation management system, update its logistics efficiency program, and develop customer cost-to-serve data. The use of integrated logistics systems encompasses materials management, material flow systems, and physical distribution aided by information technology. Through this use of ILS, Colgate has been able to shorten the order cycle time, reduce clerical labor, reduce error rate in documents and provide improved control of operations. It is made possible through the use of following activities by Colgate through ILS a) Sales Forecasting on the basis of which company schedules distribution, production and inventory levels. Colgate has a dynamic website with the title, â€Å"Colgate World of Care,†that details products, oral care, company history, e-newsletter and special offers. The website also has a social networking page called Colgate Smile to engage the consumer to get involved with their oral health and the Colgate-Palmolive Company. Colgate also has social media pages on Facebook, Twitter and Myspace. Technology is changing daily life within the world markets from the way people create and use a shopping list to the cars people purchase. Toothpaste has a direct correlation with the toothbrush. Every year new toothbrush models come outclaiming superior plaque removal using such selling points as super sonic technology to blast away plaque build up or crisscrossing bristles to lift and brush plaque away. Also under the heading of technology are cameras and Facebook. Today people carry camerasat all times. Any event is now a potential photo shoot. The ease of access and spontaneous nature of camera usage requires the consumer to be aware of their smile at all times. Facebook will feature a separate page that will promote Colgate, describe thedonation campaign and charities offered by charitynavigator.org. Also, a downloadable iphone application will be created to track contributions. This marketing tactic will foster a positive image of Colgate, create an increase of sales in specific Colgate brands, harvest demographic customer information, draw added consumers to the Colgate website and more of a presence on Facebook.

Women of Imperial China essays

Women of Imperial China essays The Han dynasty's political culture differed from the Qin dynasty's regarding the role of women. The Qin had tried to lessen the influence exerted by rulers' wives and their relatives. But the early Han court was much more tolerant and this nearly led to the downfall of the dynasty It is very the history of women to the social and political history of China's early imperial era (221 BC to the tenth century AD). The complex interaction of lite and popular practices over hundreds of years resulted in the gradual penetration of orthodox ideology throughout society at large. By the late imperial period foot binding around the twelfth century to a redefinition of masculinity in the Song period (960-1279), away from an active Tang (618-907) aristocratic ideal (which included hunting, horse- back riding, polo, etc.) toward the more refined, artistic, sedentary, and contemplative ideal of the Song literatus. Such a shift, helps explain the concurrent redefinition of femininity away from an active and strong ideal toward a more delicate, frail, dependent and secluded feminine ideal of the late imperial period. Foot binding may thus have been part of an effort to differentiate Chinese culture from "loose barbarian" customs. [1] The most unique feature of Ming imperial marriages was the stipulation laid down by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang that all imperial brides should come from low-ranking families. This policy was carefully followed throughout the dynasty, with the result that Ming palace women were less powerful than the imperial in-laws of any other dynasty. Difficult to arrive at clear-cut changes in marriage and the growth of lineage building in the late imperial era may best be understood as status- and wealth-building strategies suitable to an era when hereditary privilege ...

German Christmas Pickle Tradition

German Christmas Pickle Tradition Look closely at a decorated Christmas tree and you might see a pickle-shaped ornament hidden deep within the evergreen branches. According to German folklore, whoever finds the pickle on Christmas morning will have good luck for the following year. At least, thats the story most people know. But the truth behind the pickle ornament (also called a  saure  gurke or Weihnachtsgurke) is a little more complicated. Origins of the Pickle Ask a German about the custom of  Weihnachtsgurke and you may get a blank look because in Germany, there is no such tradition. In fact, a survey conducted in 2016 revealed more than 90 percent of Germans asked had never heard of the Christmas pickle. So how did this supposedly German tradition come to be celebrated in the U.S.? The Civil War Connection Much of the evidence for the historical origins of the Christmas pickle is anecdotal in nature. One popular explanation links the tradition to a German-born Union soldier named John Lower who was captured and imprisoned at the notorious Confederate prison in Andersonville, Georgia. The soldier, in ill health and hungry, begged his captors for food. A guard, taking pity on the man, gave him a pickle. Lower survived his captivity and after the war began the tradition of hiding a pickle in his Christmas tree in remembrance of his ordeal. However, this story cannot be authenticated. The Woolworths Version The holiday tradition of decorating a Christmas tree did not become commonplace until the last decades of the 19th century. Indeed, observing Christmas as a holiday was not widespread until the Civil War. Prior to that, celebrating the day was largely confined to wealthier English and German immigrants, who observed customs from their native lands. But during and after the Civil War, as the nation expanded and once-isolated communities of Americans began mixing more frequently, observing Christmas as a time of remembrance, family, and faith became more common. In the 1880s, F.W. Woolworths, a pioneer in merchandising and the forerunner of todays large drugstore chains, began selling Christmas ornaments, some of which were imported from Germany. Its possible that pickle-shaped ornaments were among those sold, as youll see in the following story. The German Link There is a tenuous German connection to the glass pickle ornament.  As early as 1597, the small town of Lauscha, now in the German state of Thuringia, was known for its glass-blowing industry. The small industry of glass-blowers produced drinking glasses and glass containers. In 1847 a few of the Lauscha craftsmen began producing glass ornaments (Glasschmuck) in the shape of fruits and nuts. These  were made in a unique hand-blown process combined with molds (formgeblasener Christbaumschmuck), allowing the ornaments to be produced in large quantities. Soon these unique Christmas ornaments were being exported to other parts of Europe, as well as England and the United States of America. Today, a number of glass makers in Lauscha and elsewhere in Germany sell pickle-shaped ornaments.

Car-Wreck Compounds

Car-Wreck Compounds Car-Wreck Compounds Car-Wreck Compounds By Mark Nichol You see them everyday, whenever you login to a Web site or rollover an ad: what should be open compounds suffering from the compositional equivalent of a roadway rear-ender. The error of writing â€Å"everyday† (an adjective meaning â€Å"ordinary†) when you mean â€Å"every day† (synonymous with â€Å"each day†) has already been covered in another post, but this mistake is common with verbs, too. When you go to a Web site and type your username and password, you are logging in, so you should style the verb â€Å"log in† similar to the verb phrase â€Å"check in.† By the same token, when you glide your cursor over an online ad to activate it, you’re rolling over it, so the phrase is written â€Å"roll over.† (Think about it: When you stumble to avoid a feline on a beeline, you don’t fallover.) Oooh! Oooh! Oooh! Yes, I see you there in the front row, wildly waving your upraised hand. I know what you’re going to say: â€Å"But we see them like that all the time!† That’s why I call them viral car-wreck compounds: Back when the Internet was young, someone unfamiliar with the niceties of verb phrases, someone perhaps more at ease with programming languages than the magnificent mess we call English, once developed a Web site that directed visitors to â€Å"login.† More recently, when the first interactive ad was enabled, a programmer incorrectly typed the command â€Å"rollover.† But wait – does this mean that â€Å"login† and â€Å"rollover† aren’t real words? Sure they are they’re nouns. Your username and password comprise your login, and your cursor’s ad-surfing motion is a rollover. They’re equivalent in structure to the two other closed compounds I used in the sentence preceding this one. Then, others saw the train-wreck treatments but reiterated them, mistaking the labels â€Å"login† and â€Å"rollover† for the directives â€Å"log in† and â€Å"roll over† without recognizing the mistake, and the clunky compounds were unwittingly compounded. (That’s the very definition of a virus a self-replicating error.) But that magnificent mess we call English changes its rules all the time, you persist. Yes, it does. But don’t capitulate before it’s time. That’s why we have manuals of best practices like â€Å"Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary† and â€Å"The Chicago Manual of Style.† (The former cue gritting teeth defends the validity of â€Å"alright,† for example, but has resisted conceding to â€Å"alot.†) For the sake of professional pride, we must agree to codified consistency until the walls are breached. For my part, you’ll have to roll over my dead body (after, of course, you log in). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past15 Great Word GamesShore It Up

OPENING DOORS A study of the Read To A Child program in the South Bend Essay

OPENING DOORS A study of the Read To A Child program in the South Bend School Corporation - Essay Example It is unfortunate that 40 percent of all nine-year-olds score below the basic level on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).Moreover, there is a continuing gap between white students and African-American and Hispanic students. While 69 percent of African-American and 64 percent of Hispanic students scored below basic in 1994, only 31 percent of white fourth graders did. This is caused due to various socio-economic conditions coupled with lack of background knowledge of phonemes or speech sounds to the children belonging to this community. This is the reason that several ambitious projects aimed at enabling a child to read at grade level have been initiated both by the government ('No Child Left Behind' and 'America Reads') and volunteering agencies. One such project initiated by South Bend Community School Corporation is "Read to a Child Program" with a mission to ensure that a child develop a love for reading and is able to read well and independently by the end of the third grade. Reading is not developmental or natural, but is learned and requires a lot of practice, caring environment, background knowledge and motivation not only to be provided by the school but also by all the care-givers, parents, grand- parents, relatives, other community members and volunteers. Children who fall behind at an early age (K and grade 1) fall further and further behind over time. Longitudinal studies show that of the children who are diagnosed as reading disabled in third grade, 74% remain disabled in ninth grade (Fletcher, et al., 1994; Shaywitz, Escobar, Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Makuch, 1992; Stanovich, 1986; Stanovich & Siegel, 1994). Treatment intervention research done at The National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) educational research program has shown that appropriate early direct instruction seems to be the best medicine for reading problem. The purpose of providing extra instructional time is to help children achieve levels of literacy that will enab le them to be successful through their school careers and beyond. This paper is meant to study the policies and practices and strategies being employed towards the target of achieving proficiency in reading by our young readers both by the government and volunteering agencies especially in South Block Community School Organization and how effective they have been in achieving the task at hand and what further improvement in the strategies and practices and learning designs are called for in order to make the programs more effective. Located in north-central Indiana, South Bend Community School Corporation is St. Joseph county's oldest and largest school corporation, and the fourth largest school corporation in Indiana and apart from traditional students, it caters to the needs of a significant number of special needs students and students coming from different ethnic background , resultantly the achievement gaps which are differences in the levels of learning among different demographic student subgroups because of their socio-economic conditions and exist nationally, are much wider here than anywhere else. The challenge of bringing these students at par with other students of the same

Behaviours and Responsibilities for Males and Females Essay

Behaviours and Responsibilities for Males and Females - Essay Example Personally, many of the things taught at home from the moment I was still young like how a man and a woman should act themselves in the society. Parents from the past are strongly adhering to the rules about gender, especially the religious ones for they tend to educate their children based on how their culture dictates the necessary things to do. For example, the culture in the past taught men and women that marriage should be for a man and a woman. There must be no such thing as marriage for same sex. However, this perspective has changed over time. Teaching about the things telling us that there should be no sexual relationship between people of the same sex was explicit to me. Nowadays, many of the people who claimed to be homosexuals may think that the rule in the past about marriage sounds unfair on their part. This is the reason why many of them nowadays are trying to establish another rule that would be able to give them freedom for their desire and so on. At some point, the rules in the past taught me how I should establish my life today. There are some consequences in being part of this rule, because after all, I found that I am being part of the society as a whole, where it matters a lot how the society defines what is good and what is bad. As an adult, it is easy now to understand what is good and bad, and to be explicit about it, there are some things that the society is trying to establish in each of us, but defying them would make someone deviant at some point. This is the reality of life. That is why, at some point, for as long as there is no harm that it can contribute to the society, being deviant, defying what is norm, makes me sometimes free to express myself at some point. That is my individuality, making me unique and someone different from the rest.

Finality and Justice in Recognition and Enforcement of International Thesis

Finality and Justice in Recognition and Enforcement of International Arbitral Award in China and Vietnam - Thesis Example lity of foreign arbitration award on Vietnam in particular, where the writer is of the view that only those foreign awards are acceptable in Vietnam, which maintain the condition of reciprocity in their nature and scope. Hence, if Vietnam has already developed and signed reciprocal recognition of the arbitration award with some country, the decisions made by such a country while issuing the award could be enforced in Vietnam. On the other hand, the countries having no legal relationship with Vietnam with regards to entering into the contract of internationally accepting the arbitration would not have any validity in their scope altogether. The same is observed and followed in the light of the New York Convention 1958, where Vietnam had signed as the party to foreign arbitration awards (FAA), along with several other countries and states of the world (1-2). The author, in his study, has mentioned the vital points associated with FAA, to which he maintains â€Å"three pillars of arbitration award†, which include (i) the Ordinance on recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards, September 14 1995 (the Ordinance); (ii) the Civil Procedure Code, June 15 2004; and (iii) the Law on Enforcement of Civil Judgment, November 14 2008. One of the most distinguished features of the FAA includes that the issuance of the arbitration awards within the Vietnamese jurisdiction would be made by some arbitrator other than a Vietnamese, while the same being observed outside of Vietnam would be observed by some impartial arbitrator, on which the parties to the contract have already agreed. However, the agreement of the parties serves as an essential matter, which is witnessed by each and every corporate firm and forum at local, regional and international scales. Consequently, it endorses the validity of the award and all the provisions a ssociated with it as well (2). The author has further described the procedural rule attributed to the international arbitration awards,

Role of Social Media in Public Relation Development Essay - 2

Role of Social Media in Public Relation Development - Essay Example The growth of social networking sites and an increasing population of internet users around the globe have made a significant impact on PR sectors. Advanced Desktop Publishing (DTP) is one such development in this sector which has immensely helped in spreading information in an attractive manner without spending much time of reader’s (Sriramesh & Versis, n.d.). Advanced DTP is a tool which makes it possible to create newsletters, reports and even books with the help of a personal computer and proper software. The basic idea of DTP is to publish attractive and unambiguous documentation of particular information so that any user can be conversant of the article with ease. I strongly believe that it is an effective way of spreading information within a short period of time (Wang, n.d.). Correspondingly, the main advantages of adopting advanced DTP by any organization in its PR strategies can be illustrated as cost and efficiency. In my point of view, one of the potential advantag es of advanced DTP can be associated with a limited requirement of experts to perform the task. The use of advanced DTP can be performed by any individual having minimum knowledge of computer applications. Consequently, it saves significant cost by minimizing the need for assistance from professionals in involving information communication technology as a tool for PR (Wang, n.d.). Similarly, another benefit of advanced DTP can be attributed to the time factor. In this context, it can be postulated that instead of spending time on having a correction with the outside printer, with the use of advanced DTP the documents can be previewed resulting in minimized wastage of resources as well as time efficiency to communicate the intended message (Wang, n.d.). The new forms of media have undoubtedly turned out to be vital aspects for any organization in spreading messages or communicating with the general public through effective PR strategies. Apparently, as per my understanding, the relat ion between the PR industry and the news media is continually strengthening. The development of modern information and communication technology has changed many of the dynamics between PR and traditional way of communicating with publics (Larsson, 2009). I firmly admit that the development of information and communication technology has benefited the PR industry to a great extent. Development in sectors like a database, DTP, and e-mail technologies have provided ease to PR department by making the communication process much faster and more effective than the past. Apparently, PR, as an industry, has become much important than it was in the traditional era. Today, the increase in the media sector is generally seen through the PR industry. It can be said that a decade ago, the media was less dependent on the PR industry as there were only a few newspapers, television channels and few occasional magazines to be published. However, the condition today has dramatically changed over the y ears. Consequently, the need of PR has increased to a great extent where technology has become one of the many considerable factors that have significantly facilitated the PR industry to rapidly grow in the 21st century (Trotman Publishing, 2001). The knowledge of advanced DTP is considered as one of the most important aspects for a PR publisher.  

The Implications of Global Competitiveness on U.S. Unionization Essay

The Implications of Global Competitiveness on U.S. Unionization - Essay Example This essay discusses that in the late nineteenth century, unions were formed by craftsman or artisans; they had a high degree of autonomy in their political and economic activity The first union was formed by the name â€Å"Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions† in the year 1881. This later transformed into â€Å"American Federation of Labor† in 1886. The main objective was to maximize the members of the group and consider the well being of the members of the group. The labor unions are formed unintentionally in the USA; they have become precursor in the US organizations. They are formed out of mutual interest or perceived danger. The latter is always a reason for cohesiveness among workers in an organization. The relation between threat and cohesiveness is hypothetical but linked. Let us take an example from John Fossum’s theory of â€Å"Relationship between threat and Cohesiveness†. According to John A. Fossum, The cohesiveness of a group are of two types: Group Cohesiveness –The group is formed due to similar interest. They tend to behave similarly, as they have a similar thought process, beliefs, norms etc. Class Cohesiveness: The classes of employers and employees are different. The relationship is also very different. As the class consciousness increased, so did the unionization. The practice of labor relation process is governed by the laws incorporated by the organization. The laws incorporated by the organization are universally applicable, as they are a common set of laws used by all organizations. The act was enacted in 1935. This act gave authority to the private sector employees to engage in an organized union activity. It also gave workers the right to select their own representatives and to bargain with their own employees. The employers had no right to intervene in their decision making. Farm workers were debarred from the rights. There was a severe decline in labor unions during the years 1977 to 1987 . This was due to increased competiveness from local and international competitors. In this period the number of US workers in the manufacturing industry declined by 2.6 million, whereas there was a decline of 1.2 million workers from the period 1987 to 1997.

Role of Social Media in Public Relation Development Essay - 2

Role of Social Media in Public Relation Development - Essay Example The growth of social networking sites and an increasing population of internet users around the globe have made a significant impact on PR sectors. Advanced Desktop Publishing (DTP) is one such development in this sector which has immensely helped in spreading information in an attractive manner without spending much time of reader’s (Sriramesh & Versis, n.d.). Advanced DTP is a tool which makes it possible to create newsletters, reports and even books with the help of a personal computer and proper software. The basic idea of DTP is to publish attractive and unambiguous documentation of particular information so that any user can be conversant of the article with ease. I strongly believe that it is an effective way of spreading information within a short period of time (Wang, n.d.). Correspondingly, the main advantages of adopting advanced DTP by any organization in its PR strategies can be illustrated as cost and efficiency. In my point of view, one of the potential advantag es of advanced DTP can be associated with a limited requirement of experts to perform the task. The use of advanced DTP can be performed by any individual having minimum knowledge of computer applications. Consequently, it saves significant cost by minimizing the need for assistance from professionals in involving information communication technology as a tool for PR (Wang, n.d.). Similarly, another benefit of advanced DTP can be attributed to the time factor. In this context, it can be postulated that instead of spending time on having a correction with the outside printer, with the use of advanced DTP the documents can be previewed resulting in minimized wastage of resources as well as time efficiency to communicate the intended message (Wang, n.d.). The new forms of media have undoubtedly turned out to be vital aspects for any organization in spreading messages or communicating with the general public through effective PR strategies. Apparently, as per my understanding, the relat ion between the PR industry and the news media is continually strengthening. The development of modern information and communication technology has changed many of the dynamics between PR and traditional way of communicating with publics (Larsson, 2009). I firmly admit that the development of information and communication technology has benefited the PR industry to a great extent. Development in sectors like a database, DTP, and e-mail technologies have provided ease to PR department by making the communication process much faster and more effective than the past. Apparently, PR, as an industry, has become much important than it was in the traditional era. Today, the increase in the media sector is generally seen through the PR industry. It can be said that a decade ago, the media was less dependent on the PR industry as there were only a few newspapers, television channels and few occasional magazines to be published. However, the condition today has dramatically changed over the y ears. Consequently, the need of PR has increased to a great extent where technology has become one of the many considerable factors that have significantly facilitated the PR industry to rapidly grow in the 21st century (Trotman Publishing, 2001). The knowledge of advanced DTP is considered as one of the most important aspects for a PR publisher.  

Southwest Airlines - External Environment Analysis Essay - 1

Southwest Airlines - External Environment Analysis - Essay Example This paper will look at the Five Force Model affecting the degree of competition as developed by Michael Porter and discuss the effect of each factor on the airline industry. We will also conduct a PEST analysis for Southwest Airlines as part of the airline industry. The Porter Five-Force Model Michael Porter put forth his Five Force Model in his groundbreaking work ‘Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors’ back in 1980. In the decades that followed, he has further explored the global business arena in terms of competition, the value chain, the competitive advantage of nations and even how to create and sustain superior performance in business. Porter maintains that the five forces that affect the level of competition among firms in an industry are (1) barriers to entry and exit; (2) threat of substitutes; (3) bargaining power of buyers; (4) power of suppliers and (5) existing rivalry between firms. In the same work, Porter has also anal yzed industries as falling into one of the following five groups: (a) Fragmented; (b) Emerging; (c) Mature; (d) Declining and (e) Global (Porter, 1980). In fact, Porter’s analysis serves as a good theoretical tool to supplement a firm’s PEST analysis, which we shall now conduct for the airline industry in general and Southwest Airlines in particular. Sources-barriers to entry and exit: The high cost of entry and exit in the airline industry globally include investment in equipment, infrastructure, buildings and facilities, an experienced workforce and aircraft maintenance and inspection, insurance, safety and security features. The high cost of aircraft and fuel is also affecting airline sustainability and the bottom line (Southwest website, 2012). Sources-threat of substitutes: Alternative choices for air passengers would include fast trains, buses, automobiles and even ferry services. However, nothing beats the convenience of an airplane. Terrorist threats, luggage r estrictions and safety and security checks can also scare passenger away (Porter, 1980). Sources-bargaining power of buyers: With the Passenger Protection Act in place to safeguard customers against price hikes, and insurance, safety and security measures that must be maintained at all times, and discount prices that are eagerly picked up by bargaining customers, this puts the buyers in the driving seat on many counts (David, 2011). Club memberships and frequent flyer miles may be offered to regular passengers to help retain their loyalty, and there are often possibilities of an upgrade to a higher class if seating is available.   Sources-power of suppliers: McDonnell Douglas and Airbus Industries are two of the most well-recognized aircraft manufacturing firms having a global recognition and reputation. Both of these firms take most of the world’s orders but there are also a number of smaller firms that make smaller and lighter aircraft for other purposes.

Helpful and intelligent Essay Example for Free

Helpful and intelligent Essay From his hovel, the monster notices a nearby cottage occupied by the De Lacey family. He observes them cautiously from a safe distance as he now recognises mans potential to be cruel. This shows us again that the monster is constantly developing, and experiencing a variety of different emotions, such as love. Love is portrayed in Frankenstein after he watches the daily routine of the De Laceys (through a small gap in the wooden panes, previous to where the window was. This is a sign that they were not very wealthy). He discovers the sound of music through the old, blind man playing his recorder. This enchants him and he begins to admire this family. After this point his mixed emotions are so strong when watching Agathe and the old man, so strong that he cannot bear to watch the family anymore. (the music touched his heart and he felt a mixture of both pain and pleasure with love) He gradually learns more about them and increases his intelligence while doing so. He knows that they live in poverty and so his admiration grows for them, also for their wonderful appearance, as he is unaware of ugliness and deformity. He shows a caring side of himself when he became devoted to help the De Laceys by cutting wood. This monster becomes generous, helpful and intelligent. He also decided to satisfy himself with berries, nuts and roots instead of eating tastier food that they ate. This implies that this so called brute was also thoughtful. The monsters narrative tells us that he is determined character who would do anything to belong, he attempted to learn the English language to hopefully reason with the De Laceys and make them realise that he wasnt a wretched evil brute but a kind-hearted being. He was doing well until he saw his reflection in a pool of water. This part of the story (Chapter 12, page 109) is significant in tracing the change of his character because he was mortified with his appearance and became miserable. He now knew entirely why he was hated in the previous village; it was for his monstrous, alien appearance. He became aware of all the racial prejudice in the world and realised that this was the source of all his problems. Knowing this made the monster bitter at man, however he still thought of the De Lacey family as wonderful and still he wanted to restore happiness to these deserving people.  Other experiences the monster undergoes during Chapter 12 are his first realisations of the four seasons. This happens when he found that different flowers grew at different times of the year. This is another example of his developing intelligence. The next vital point in the development and change of the monster is the arrival of Safie, an Arabian woman not knowing the English language. This immensely profited him because during Safies stay with the De Laceys she began to take lessons to speak English. The monster therefore also learned the language at a rapid pace. Also in Chapter 13 we see a very sensitive side of the Monster when he is describing the nature surrounding him. (innumerable flowers, sweet to the scent and the eyes, stars of pale radiance among the moonlight woods) While Safie remains in the De Lacey household the monster begins to learn more about human nature, especially involving the love between a man (Felix) and a woman (Safie). He could not believe the ecstatic joy that Felix was in when meeting Safie, when before he seemed to be so miserable. He realises that they were both affected by different feelings, Felix by the way his cheeks flushed with pleasure and Safie by how she wiped tears from her lovely eyes. The monster observes more involving human nature when he heard of the difference of sexes and the birth and growth of children, he also heard of the different relationships between humans such as mother, father, brother and sister. This is the first stage of his life when he asks himself, where are my friends and relations? To his recollection he has had no one to care for him and remembers nothing before his first account in his narrative story. He genuinely questions what and who he is and so again we feel sympathy. The monster emotionally develops from what he learns of human nature, this occurs when Safie sings to Agatha and the old man. This deeply moves him as her voice at once brought tears of delight and joy from his eyes. He described the music as a rich cadence, swelling or dying away like a nightingale of the woods. His reaction to her singing again brings out his sensitivity.  The monster while constantly developing his knowledge of English, (now with the help of Safies lessons) still longs companionship with the De Laceys. He feels that he needs to be part of this wonderful family. Although he understands that he has been previously rejected and seen as an ugly wretch, he believes that the power of language can overcome the deformity of his face. However much he hopes that he will be accepted, he still remains conscious of his previous encounters with man. The monster remains fearful of how the De Laceys will react to him.  The next part of the monsters narrative (Chapter 14) relates little to himself but his knowledge increases of the De Laceys history, before they moved to Germany. The monster discovered such information from several letters written from Safie to Felix. Here we find that he has learnt more skills, the skills to read and write. The monster later decides to copy these letters himself to bring truth to his tale, for Victor Frankenstein. From these letters we learn an awful lot about the De Laceys, such as that previously they led wealthy lifestyles in Paris. He learnt that their wealth was lost when a Turkish merchant was condemned to death for becoming obnoxious towards the French government. This affected the De Laceys because Felix vowed to help the Turk escape and did so. (In return he was offered a reward but he declined; however he agreed to marry the merchants daughter, Safie) When learning from the De Laceys he also confirmed the relationship between the family. The old man is known as De Lacey and is father to Felix and Agatha. It was of course illegal to do this and so this resulted in the De Laceys being exiled. Knowing all this improved the monsters understanding of why the De Laceys seemed so unhappy and he now fully realised the poverty they were in.

US Army Rotc Program History Essay

US Army Rotc Program History Essay The U.S. Army ROTC which stands for Reserve Officers Training Corps is by far the best of the leadership courses throughout the country and is part of most colleges curriculum. The learning involves such practices which enables you to understand what it required to lead others, take up missions and motivate your fellow mates as an active Officer of the Army. Once graduated, the cadet earns the position of a Second Lieutenant and would be part of the Active Army, Army National Guard or the Army Reserve and become a discoverer for lifetime. The United States Armed Forces and numerous other national militaries, specially the countries having firm historic ties with the United States have implemented Reserve Officers Training Corps programs. Philippines implemented this in 1912 while Korea started ROTC in 1963. The ROTC contributes to all departments of the U.S. Armed forces except for U.S. Coast Guards. All in all it contributes towards 56% of the whole U.S. Army out of which; 11% are to US Marines, 41% to US Air Force and 20% of US Navy. The combined figures for the ROTC contribution of active duty officers towards the United States Department of Defense accounts to 39% which is a notable figure. Philippines ROTC Alumni Association acknowledges that 75% of the officer corps for Armed Forces in Philippines adds up from ROTC programs. Except for the US Coast Guard each of the U.S. Armed Forces offers keen scholarships to ROTC participant students on merit basis. They even offer scholarships in exchange for periods of active military service. For instance, students who opt for an Army ROTC scholarship agree to dispense a four year period of military service with the Army after college. Army and Airforce ROTC students are cited as cadets where Naval ROTC students are called midshipmen as these terms concur with their particular services in the military academy that they carry out. US Navy and US Marine Corps both are licensed by the Naval ROTC program whereas the Coast Guard guarantor only the JROTC program. Army ROTC squads are orchestrated into companies, battalions and brigades. Similarly, Air Force ROTC units are divided into wings, squads or wings just like the active Air Force. Naval ROTC units are carved up as naval battalions. Usually, naval ROTC units are formed into Naval battalions but having the Navy educatees in sections and divisions like a ship, and the Marines in a different company is only exercised when an ROTC unit has ample amount of members to justify an extra division. Senior Army leaders are keen of the idea that perception is actually reality. Black representation and resultant progress in the combat arms branches of the US Army is deplorably lacking. Recruiting blacks into combat arms is diminutive whereas the Black combat arms officers who elevate on higher leadership and command positions at battalion and brigade command level or higher are relics at best. This is also historic fact that the selected few Blacks for senior operational commands at the battalion or division level are generally placed out of view from the American public and the African American youth without fail. Figures say that across the past thirty years only two of nine black men were taken upto command Army Divisions and that also they have been intended to do so in Conus. It is a fact that Black men and women can derive aspiration in pursuance of a given career, by seeing someone of their own ethnicity in placements of high authority, but Black Battalion Commanders have a lways remained persona non grata in percepts of the Black youth. The US army in turn lays no significant emphasis on dealing with the impact of black combat officers. Charles C. Moskos states that Blacks occupy more management positions in the military than in any other sector of American society. The incorporation of Blacks into the Army is a sensational story worth simulating; the Army figures show that Blacks do not take parts equally all around career fields. Especially Blacks are under-represented in the combat arms; the circumstance can be named as occupational segregation. U.S. Armys leaders and authorities are touched on about the low count of Black officers functioning in the combat arms for two causes. First, the low count of Blacks in the combat arms cuts down the diverseness and perhaps the believability of the U.S. Armys authority. Second, it proves to be unmanageable for Blacks to achieve appropriate internal representation among general officers because 72% of the U.S. Armys generals are picked out from the combat arms. Three-quarters of all Black officers are licensed by ROTC whereas majority of them are licensed by HBCUs (Historically Black College and Universities). Researches reveal that there were two leading factors that influenced the assignments of Black cadets and those were cadet performance as well as attitude towards service. As a result, black HBCU cadets compete appropriately in on-campus ROTC scores but are indisposed when it comes to Advanced Camp. Black cadets were less probable to regard the Army as fair and had a most negative perceptual experience about the combat arms branches. Moreover, Black cadets are also deficient when it comes to combat arms mentors to cater for the needed motivation, tutorship and counseling. The US Army must set out to extenuate these factors and inverse the under-representation of Black military officers in combat arms. Thus, to enhance the internal representation of Black officers, the Army must coach HBCU cadets to do a cut above at Advanced Camp and prepare HBCU cadets for the needs and unparalleled culture of the Army and furthermore, delegate more Black officers into combat arms branches to allow for more mentors for Black cadets and officers in the time to come. Equal opportunity was not constantly interpreted as it is today. Formerly Army directives allowed for segregation. Ever since the desegregation of the Armed Forces, the Army has efficaciously broadened their ranks as the Army acts as mannequin for other organizations to follow up on. The Blacks comprise 29% of the total Army and just 11% of all Army officers. Nonetheless, a more closelipped look at Army officer statistics points that some inequalities have existence. Nowadays, the argument is not about adequate remuneration and intervention. But the main concern is the statistical distribution of Black officers amongst the Army. The amount of Black officers in combat arms offsets of the Army is minuscule, while the amount of Black officers engaging non-combat arms emplacements is heavy and developing unevenly. A deliberate study of the demographics by vocational specialty suggests that most Black officers in the Army are based in combat support and combat military service support branches. Various considerations add to making the uneven distribution. One of the causes is the rate of progression of Black officers with their white counterparts. Counterpointing causes arise from circumstances that are present outside the Army and result from the aftermaths of sociable and ethnical determines. Nevertheless, the failure to access Black officers into the Armys combat arms occupations is a serious institutional concern. Several studies in recent years have attempted to shed some light on this issue. A good example of inequality between combat and non-combat departments is exemplified by Army Infantry demographics which says that the percentage of Blacks in the Infantry has dropped a great deal from 30% in 1980 to 15% presently, while the count of Blacks in logistics units nowadays often are more than 50%. In 1999, only one Black cadet was accessed into the Infantry by the United States Military Academy. Reports suggest that Black American students rate the grandness of earning high financial gain and contributing to society (Walpole, Bauer, Gibson, Kanyi, Toliver, 2002). Another study by Morgan Teng and Anderson (2001) about Black American community college students depicts that job protection, a good starting income, self-reliance, and a crucial position are more crucial to Black American students comparably to White students. In addition, a crave of serving others and the society is also a significant motif in Black American culture. Nevertheless, some researches endure that particularly looks into differences of opinion amongst Black American and White educatees concerning the dominance of future income, future position, college attendance and vocational choices. Moreover, Black American persons proceed to go through high values of educational shortfalls, employment stagnancy, and impoverishment in the United States of America (Hargrove and Pope-Davis, 2001). Altogether we hope is that looking into the influence of future income, status and stimulating a difference in community will lead to significances favorable in assisting Black American students in finishing high school, going to college, and arriving at a career choice. Researches depict that a Black cadets entrà ©e into combat arms offsets is ascertained into a prominent part by two components: cadet functioning and cadet mental attitude towards service. African HBCU cadets contend befittingly with other cadets when it pertains to on-campus ROTC grades but they perform badly at Advanced Camp. A cadets performance is most importantly a derivative of the personal attitude towards service. The Army needs to lay complete and prompt attention to training HBCU cadets better. Conditioning plus formulation on campus starts with attaining a satisfactory GPA. Secondly, the ROTC cell must be knowledgeable adequately to render quality conditioning for HBCU cadets. Conditioning must be concentrated on the vital performance areas the cadet is assessed at camp such as traits like management, navigation, and APFT. The program must also ascertain that HBCU Cadets incur coaching to gear them up for the shift in organizational surroundings they will come upon at Advanced Camp. The HBCU Cadets need to have early experiences in adjusting to a more structured organizational stage setting. The cadets must learn to adjust ahead of the time when he arrives at Advanced Camp. ROTC plans have in the past times carried on speciated conditioning and training to prepare cadets for functioning in various environments. This particular training had better be reevaluated for its value and re-established. Cadets can suffer from culture shock during the early days of the camp if they are not trained or carried along without this kind of preparation or training. Squad leaders and contrivers must supervise internal representation. Discouraging to leaders and contrivers will be the extended dialogue over distinguishing the suitable military representation levels of citizen groupings. The demand for plentiful figures of quality staff personnel within the Army necessitates belief on all demographic and societal sections of America. Suitable action in reception to statistic trends is essential to preserve and amend the force. The Army ought to enhance the count of Black combat arms officers teaching Black cadets. Standard Black combat arms officers capable to provide a positive example to cadets will extremely aid in impeding vocational separatism of Blacks in non-combat arms offshoots. The occupancy of thes e eminent officers will also encourage mentoring of cadets that will amend the mental attitude cadets possess of the Army and ROTC.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cloning. Many people associate it with science-fiction novels, not with real life, but animal cloning is a process that is being attempted today all over the world, and human cloning might be next. But should cloning be made illegal? According to the Washington Post, cloning should be made illegal because all nursery rhymes would have to be rewritten: Mary didn’t have a lamb, she had two lambs and a sister named Bridget who looked exactly like her. Mary and Bridget went to school one day with both lambs, but the school board threw them out as cloning was against the rules. Also, the role of the father is not important in cloning. He can make one child, but the next is done by Xerox machine. Cloned children, however, would also celebrate Father’s Day. All cloning should be made completely illegal because such an insignificant amount of births are successful, nearly all clones have health problems, and the technology is far from perfected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very few animal clones make it to birth, and the ones that do usually have serious health problems, including physical deformities (such as enlarged umbilical cords) to life-threatening conditions (like being born with no immune system) (Boyce 42). Less than three percent of all cloning attempts succeed: â€Å" . . . scientists have good reason to be pessimistic: several years of animal cloning work has taught them that most cloned animals never even make it to birth and the rare ones that do all too frequently have [serious health] problems† (Boyce 42). Because of all of these facts, cloning should never even be considered on human beings. â€Å"Scientists estimate that fewer than a quarter of [cloned] newborns would survive without intensive care† (Boyce 43).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A very high probability of animal clones having all sorts of problems including poorly developed lungs and failing hearts, to grossly enlarged placentas and misshapen heads exist in all cloning attempts. Any attempts to clone a human with today’s technology would almost always produce a child with some sort of defect, whether major or minor. â€Å"Many [cloned animal] newborns have poorly developed lungs. And cattle have been born with deformed heads† (Boyce 42). Scientists say that they see some sort of genetic problem almost every time they clone and they do not know what is wrong with the cloning process, or why the cl... ... not have enough room to develop in the uterus. Cloned animals have nearly always had some sort of obvious defect, and the ones that do not look normal almost always are not really normal. Also, there are 30,000 genes and the chances are extremely small that an egg cell would reprogram all of these genes correctly (Kolata 1). As a result, the clones are not normal. Because of all of this, cloning should be made illegal. ********************************** Works Cited Boyce, Nell. â€Å"Multiplicity Perils. A Human is Likely To Be Cloned and Soon. Is It Worth the Risk?† U.S. News & World Report 19 Mar 2001: 42-43. Griffith, Victoria. â€Å"Scientists To Lend Weight To Attack On Human Cloning.† Financial Times 28 Mar 2001: 6. Kolata, Gina. â€Å"Researchers Find Big Risk of Defect in Cloning Animals.† New York Times 25 Mar 2001: 1. Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"Scientists Plan Human Cloning Clinic in the United States.† British Medical Journal 10 Feb 2001: 315. McPherson, Coco. â€Å"Creation Myths.† The Village Voice 13 Feb 2001: 12. â€Å"Why Not Human Clones?† The Christian Century 21 Feb 2001: 5. Zitner, Aaron. â€Å"House Sets the Stage for Debate on the Cloning of Humans.† The Los Angeles Times 25 Mar 2001: A.20. Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc Cloning. Many people associate it with science-fiction novels, not with real life, but animal cloning is a process that is being attempted today all over the world, and human cloning might be next. But should cloning be made illegal? According to the Washington Post, cloning should be made illegal because all nursery rhymes would have to be rewritten: Mary didn’t have a lamb, she had two lambs and a sister named Bridget who looked exactly like her. Mary and Bridget went to school one day with both lambs, but the school board threw them out as cloning was against the rules. Also, the role of the father is not important in cloning. He can make one child, but the next is done by Xerox machine. Cloned children, however, would also celebrate Father’s Day. All cloning should be made completely illegal because such an insignificant amount of births are successful, nearly all clones have health problems, and the technology is far from perfected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very few animal clones make it to birth, and the ones that do usually have serious health problems, including physical deformities (such as enlarged umbilical cords) to life-threatening conditions (like being born with no immune system) (Boyce 42). Less than three percent of all cloning attempts succeed: â€Å" . . . scientists have good reason to be pessimistic: several years of animal cloning work has taught them that most cloned animals never even make it to birth and the rare ones that do all too frequently have [serious health] problems† (Boyce 42). Because of all of these facts, cloning should never even be considered on human beings. â€Å"Scientists estimate that fewer than a quarter of [cloned] newborns would survive without intensive care† (Boyce 43).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A very high probability of animal clones having all sorts of problems including poorly developed lungs and failing hearts, to grossly enlarged placentas and misshapen heads exist in all cloning attempts. Any attempts to clone a human with today’s technology would almost always produce a child with some sort of defect, whether major or minor. â€Å"Many [cloned animal] newborns have poorly developed lungs. And cattle have been born with deformed heads† (Boyce 42). Scientists say that they see some sort of genetic problem almost every time they clone and they do not know what is wrong with the cloning process, or why the cl... ... not have enough room to develop in the uterus. Cloned animals have nearly always had some sort of obvious defect, and the ones that do not look normal almost always are not really normal. Also, there are 30,000 genes and the chances are extremely small that an egg cell would reprogram all of these genes correctly (Kolata 1). As a result, the clones are not normal. Because of all of this, cloning should be made illegal. ********************************** Works Cited Boyce, Nell. â€Å"Multiplicity Perils. A Human is Likely To Be Cloned and Soon. Is It Worth the Risk?† U.S. News & World Report 19 Mar 2001: 42-43. Griffith, Victoria. â€Å"Scientists To Lend Weight To Attack On Human Cloning.† Financial Times 28 Mar 2001: 6. Kolata, Gina. â€Å"Researchers Find Big Risk of Defect in Cloning Animals.† New York Times 25 Mar 2001: 1. Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"Scientists Plan Human Cloning Clinic in the United States.† British Medical Journal 10 Feb 2001: 315. McPherson, Coco. â€Å"Creation Myths.† The Village Voice 13 Feb 2001: 12. â€Å"Why Not Human Clones?† The Christian Century 21 Feb 2001: 5. Zitner, Aaron. â€Å"House Sets the Stage for Debate on the Cloning of Humans.† The Los Angeles Times 25 Mar 2001: A.20. Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc Cloning. Many people associate it with science-fiction novels, not with real life, but animal cloning is a process that is being attempted today all over the world, and human cloning might be next. But should cloning be made illegal? According to the Washington Post, cloning should be made illegal because all nursery rhymes would have to be rewritten: Mary didn’t have a lamb, she had two lambs and a sister named Bridget who looked exactly like her. Mary and Bridget went to school one day with both lambs, but the school board threw them out as cloning was against the rules. Also, the role of the father is not important in cloning. He can make one child, but the next is done by Xerox machine. Cloned children, however, would also celebrate Father’s Day. All cloning should be made completely illegal because such an insignificant amount of births are successful, nearly all clones have health problems, and the technology is far from perfected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very few animal clones make it to birth, and the ones that do usually have serious health problems, including physical deformities (such as enlarged umbilical cords) to life-threatening conditions (like being born with no immune system) (Boyce 42). Less than three percent of all cloning attempts succeed: â€Å" . . . scientists have good reason to be pessimistic: several years of animal cloning work has taught them that most cloned animals never even make it to birth and the rare ones that do all too frequently have [serious health] problems† (Boyce 42). Because of all of these facts, cloning should never even be considered on human beings. â€Å"Scientists estimate that fewer than a quarter of [cloned] newborns would survive without intensive care† (Boyce 43).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A very high probability of animal clones having all sorts of problems including poorly developed lungs and failing hearts, to grossly enlarged placentas and misshapen heads exist in all cloning attempts. Any attempts to clone a human with today’s technology would almost always produce a child with some sort of defect, whether major or minor. â€Å"Many [cloned animal] newborns have poorly developed lungs. And cattle have been born with deformed heads† (Boyce 42). Scientists say that they see some sort of genetic problem almost every time they clone and they do not know what is wrong with the cloning process, or why the cl... ... not have enough room to develop in the uterus. Cloned animals have nearly always had some sort of obvious defect, and the ones that do not look normal almost always are not really normal. Also, there are 30,000 genes and the chances are extremely small that an egg cell would reprogram all of these genes correctly (Kolata 1). As a result, the clones are not normal. Because of all of this, cloning should be made illegal. ********************************** Works Cited Boyce, Nell. â€Å"Multiplicity Perils. A Human is Likely To Be Cloned and Soon. Is It Worth the Risk?† U.S. News & World Report 19 Mar 2001: 42-43. Griffith, Victoria. â€Å"Scientists To Lend Weight To Attack On Human Cloning.† Financial Times 28 Mar 2001: 6. Kolata, Gina. â€Å"Researchers Find Big Risk of Defect in Cloning Animals.† New York Times 25 Mar 2001: 1. Josefson, Deborah. â€Å"Scientists Plan Human Cloning Clinic in the United States.† British Medical Journal 10 Feb 2001: 315. McPherson, Coco. â€Å"Creation Myths.† The Village Voice 13 Feb 2001: 12. â€Å"Why Not Human Clones?† The Christian Century 21 Feb 2001: 5. Zitner, Aaron. â€Å"House Sets the Stage for Debate on the Cloning of Humans.† The Los Angeles Times 25 Mar 2001: A.20.

Jamaican Creole vs Standard English Essay

As we can see, this is not the situation in Jamaican Creole. Case is always demonstrated by position. Any pronoun before the verb is the subject, and after the verb it is either the direct or indirect object. Other features to note are the lack of gender and absence of nominative and accusative case forms. Also lacking in Jamaican Creole are possessive pronouns like my, your, his, her, its, our, their. To demonstrate possession, Jamaican Creole either has the simple pronoun directly in front of a noun, (for example ‘my book’ would be ‘mi buk’), or adds the prefix fi-, (as in ‘fi-mi buk’ also meaning ‘my book’). Plural Marking Plural marking in Standard English is a hodgepodge of different forms borrowed and assimilated from many languages. The original Old English way of making plurals was either the addition of -n or -en or the changing of the vowel sound, as it is for Modern German. Those original Old English plural markers surviv e in a few Modern English words. For example child/children, man/men, ox/oxen, foot/feet. The Norman French way of making plurals was to add an -s, -es or an -x. Only the first two forms were borrowed into English at first, producing forms like hand/hands, eye/eyes, bus/buses. Recently the -x ending had been borrowed for words like bureau/bureaux, adieu/adieux, chateau/chateaux, but it is pronounced as if the x were an s. During the renaissance, Classical Latin and Classical Greek became fashionable, and although being extinct languages, they added a great deal both to the grammar and vocabulary of the English language, particularly in the fields of science and invention. Plurals produced at this period of time include datum/data, octopus/octopi, medium/media, index/indices, helix/helices, matrix/matrices. These plural forms cause the  most confusion not just to foreign speakers but also to a lot of people who speak English as their first language. Plural marking in Jamaican Creole is much more logical and easier to learn. In fact Jamaican Creole behaves like Japanese for the most part in that it does not generally mark the plural of nouns. To indicate plurality, animate nouns (and sometimes other nouns to be stressed) are followed by the suffix -dem. This produces structures such as ‘di uman-dem’ or ‘di pikni-dem’ meaning ‘the women’ and ‘the children’ respectively. Tracing roots of Jamaican CreoleThe unique vocabulary and grammar of Jamaican Creole did not just simply spring up as an easy way for plantation slaves from different tribes to talk to one another. Many words, phrases, and structures have an interesting etymology. (Etymology is a linguistic term for the history of the development of a word). In Middle English, there was a distinction between singular ‘thou’, and plural ‘you’. This distinction has been almost completely erased apart from in some North Yorkshire dialects where the singular form ‘tha’ is still used. E.g. ‘tha’s nice’ means ‘you are nice’. In some English dialects an attempt has even been made to replace the missing pronoun. In Southern States of America ‘y’all’ is used; in Scouser (a dialect found in Liverpool) ‘youse’ or is used; and a common form in London is ‘you-lot’. In Jamaican Creole, the pronoun ‘oonu’ is found and this is similar to the form it has in modern Igbo (spoken in Nigeria) which was the most likely donor language. Forms of the pronoun (such as uno, unu, unoo) can be found in widely scattered parts of Africa in the Nubian and Nilotic language families and even as far as the Negrito languages of Malaysia. The word ‘seh’ as in ‘im tel mi seh†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (he told me that†¦) has similar origins. Wo w!!! Another interesting word commonly used is ‘pikni’, meaning ‘child’. The word was borrowed originally form Portuguese ‘picaninni’. Prior to British dominance, it was used by Portuguese masters to refer to black slaves, who picked up the word and began using it to refer to their own children. In Jamaica today, despite its innocent original meaning (child), it has acquired a pejorative connotation because of its history in Jamaica. Two more interesting words that have spread across the English speaking world, but have their origins in Jamaica, are ‘buddy’ and ‘cuss’. These was a mispronunciations of ‘brother’ and ‘curse’ respectively. The first recorded use of ‘buddy’ was in 17; whereas the word ‘cuss’ is a word that has entered our vocabulary only since the  late 1940s. The difference in age of these terms shows how much influence Jamaican Creole has on the English speaking world, The word ‘buddy’ is even found in the Oxford English Dictionary and ‘cuss’ is used so much among the younger generation in particular, that it is only a matter of time before it too is added to the OED. in view of the popularity of fashionable culture and music forms that have their origin in Jamaica Jamaican Creole is likely to continue to have considerable influence of English as a global language, but should it be classed as a dialect of English or should it have official recognition as a language in its own right? Language Standardisation. There are more salient differences between Jamaican Creole and English than there are between Swedish and Norwegian, yet the latter are classed as two separate distinct languages. Swedish and Norwegian people have almost no difficulty understanding one another, whereas some Englishmen will not have a clue what a Jamaican is saying. Similar cases are Czech and Slovakian, and Punjabi and Urdu, of which the spoken form is the same but only the written form is different. Many people who have stated that saying ‘mi de a di paak’ as opposed to ‘I am in the park’, sounds childish, are completely ignorant of the fact that ‘mi/me’ is a common indigenous Niger-Kongo form of the first person pronoun. I would have been easy for early Jamaicans learning this strange alian language, to continue using ‘mi’ in that position rather than switching to ‘I’. Also the English at that time didn’t exactly have schools and colleges to te ach blacks the proper way of forming the first person singular nominative pronoun.

Piracy Case Essay

In general I do support the act of piracy in certain ways. Piracy does not mean it is bad; some may disagree or agree the term piracy is debatable on different perspective. Let’s take an example if we look at piracy in an objective way it is bad, but what if we change it to a subjective perspective? The term piracy is debatable. The topic of piracy is actually quite hypocritical because societies mainly do it even though they know it is illegal. Of course in general our society thinks that piracy is a bad thing, because some resources are license .Take an examples for movies or games, these developers strive hard to produce these entertainment purpose, but by downloading privately it will waste their efforts as their sales of the product decreases. Some people say that piracy is a good thing; its true piracy may be a good thing because it affects our current society on a larger scale no matter in education, entertainment, or any other field. What Google is trying to do here is to reduce the act of piracy, but we all know it is a hard task. The internet itself actually opens up a wide field for piracy; if we want put a stop piracy we might as well ban the usage of internet. Sometimes piracy is a good thing because we know that the internet consist of all source of information by downloading it, people from all around the world can benefit from it. Some society that came from rural areas couldn’t afford the resources, so they have to use an alternative way to acquire them. By doing so the act of piracy could be good. To conclude it we could say that the act of piracy is actually good in some way .In my opinion I think it goes both ways.

Psychology Vocab Essay

Anal stage: the stage at which children advocate erotic pleasure with the elimination process Archetype: an inherited idea, based on the experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s perception of the world Altered states of consciousness: conscious level, preconscious level, and unconscious level Amnesia: a loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head or as a result of brain damage Biofeedback: the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled Bipolar: a disorder in which a person’s mood inappropriately alternates between feelings of mania and depression Client centered therapy: an approach developed by Carl Rogers that reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy Conditioning: a type of learning that involves stimulus response connections in which the response is conditional to the stimulus Central nervous system: Spinal cord and the brain Classical conditioning: a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus Collective unconscious: the part of the mind that inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people Consciousness: an individual’s state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions Compulsion: an apparently irresistible urge to repeat an act or engage in ritualistic behavior such as hand washing Cross- sectional study: research method in which data is collected from groups of participants of different ages and compares so that conclusions can be drawn about differences due to age CS (Conditioned stimulus): a once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus CR (conditioned response): a response by the conditioned stimulus; it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount Defense mechanism: Certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality): a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving Dependent variable: changes in relation to the independent variable Discrimination: the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. 2. The unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic group, age, gender, or membership in another category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics Depression: a psychological disorder characterized by extreme sadness, an inability to concentrate, and feelings of helplessness and dejection Superego: the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and contracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id Dopamine: Involved in learning, emotional, arousal, and movement Eidetic memory: the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short term exposure Extinction: in classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a conditional response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus Endocrine system: a chemical communication system using hormones, by which messages are sent through the blood stream, EEG (electroencephalograph): a machine used to record the electoral activity of large portions of the brain Extravert: an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things Electroshock therapy: also called (ECT), an electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance Ego: the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways Free association: a Freudian technique used to examine the unconscious; the patients instructed to say whatever comes into his or her mind Formal operations: the person is able to solve abstract problems Fixed ratio schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained Fixed interval schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement Functional fixedness: a mental set characterized by the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects Genital Stage: Freud’s fifth and final psychosexual stage during which an individual’s sexual satisfaction depends as much on giving pleasure as on receiving it Hypothalamus: regulates the autonomic nervous system Hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause Hypothesis: an assumption or prediction about behavior that is tested through scientific research Identity crisis: A period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are Id: in psychoanalytic theory, that part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, and instincts, as well as repressed material Independent variable: experimenters change or alter so they can observe its effects Imprinting: inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment Introvert: a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him or her Imitation: The third way of learning Latency Stage: the fourth stage of Freud’s psychosexual development at which sexual desires are pushed into the background and the child becomes involved in exploring the world and learning new skills Long term memory: the storage of information over extended periods of time Longitudinal study: research method in which data is collected about a group of participants over a number of years to assess how certain characteristics change or remain the same during development Lithium carbonate: a chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child Meditation: the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation Modeling: the process of learning behavior through observation and imitation of others Mnemonic devices: techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting Negative reinforcement: increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs Neurosis: One of the most commonly used diagnostic distinctions Oral Stage: Freud’s first stage of psychosexual development, in which infant’s associate erotic pleasure with the mouth Object permanence: Child’s realization that an object exists even when he or she cannot see or touch it Operant conditioning: a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again Obsession: a recurring thought or image that seems to be beyond control OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder): an anxiety disorder consisting of obsessions and compulsions Oedipus complex: seems more like a literary conceit that a thesis worthy of a scientifically minded psychologist Psychosexual stages: 1. Oral stage, 2.anal stage, 3.phallic stage, 4.latancy stage, 5.ganital stage Psychosocial stages: 1. Trust vs. mistrust, 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt, 3.initiative vs. guilt, 4. Industry vs. inferiority, 5. Identity vs. role confusion, 6. Intimacy vs. isolation, 7. Generativity vs. stagnation, 8. Ego integrity vs. Despair Pre-operational stage: emerges when the child begins to use mental images symbols to understand things Pituitary gland: â€Å"master gland† Psychosis: One of the most commonly used diagnostic distinctions Projective test: an unstructured test of personality in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his or her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli Phallic stage: Freud’s third psychosexual stage, children associate sexual pleasure with their genitals Psychology: the scientific, systematic study of behaviors and mental processes Psychiatry: a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders Psychotherapy: a general term for the application of psychological principles and techniques for any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems and disorders Positive reinforce: a stimulus that increases the likelihood that a response will occur again Psychoanalysis: a form of therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior and free themselves of self-defeating patterns Reli ability: the ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions REM sleep: a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming Reinforcement schedule: an important factor in operant conditioning Random sample: One way to avoid a nonrepresentative sample Rorschach inkblot cards: 10 cards with inkblot designs and a system for interpreting responses Self –actualization: the humanist term for realizing one’s unique potential Shaping: technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is â€Å"molded† by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward Short term memory: memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject active rehearsal Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed Selective attention: Focusing on only one detail of many Schizophrenia: a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, behavior, and perceptions Separation anxiety: whenever the child is suddenly separated from the mother Superego: the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and contracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id Sensorimotor: the infant uses schemas that primarily involve his body and sensations Surrogate mothers: substitute mothers TAT (Thematic Apperception Test): This test consists of a series of pictures Thalamus: major relay station of the brain Unconscious: the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious behaviors UCR (Unconditioned response): an organism, automatic or natural reaction to a stimulus UCS (unconditioned stimulus): an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training Variable- ratio schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement Variable- interval schedule: a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement Validity: the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure Theorists Carl Jung: (1875-1961) believed that people try to develop their potential as well as handle their instinctual urges. He distinguished between personal unconscious and the collective unconscious Alfred Adler: (1870-1937) believed that the driving force in people’s lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority Sigmund Freud: (1856-1939) believed that our conscious experiences are only the tip of the iceberg, that beneath the surface are primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society and morality Erick Erickson: (1902-1994) believed that the need for social approval is just as important as a child’s sexual and aggressive urges Abraham Maslow: (1908-1970) tried to base his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, self actualizing people who fully utilize their talents and potential rather than on studies of disturbed individuals Carl Rogers: (1902-1987) believed that many people suffer from a conflict between wh at they value in themselves and what they believe that other people value in them John B. Watson 🙠 1878-1958) psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. Said that all behavior is the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the environment Ivan Pavlov: (1849 -1936) charted another new course for psychological investigation. Demonstrated that a neutral stimulus can cause a formerly unrelated response B.F. Skinner 🙠 1904-1990) introduced the concept of reinforcement. Attempted to show how his laboratory techniques might be applied to society as a whole Albert Bandura: people direct their own behavior by their choice of models. Harry Harlow: (1905- 1981) studied the relationship between mother and child in a species closer to humans, the rhesus monkeys Galen: Identified four personality characteristics called melancholic, sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic Alfred Binet: Karen Horney: (1885-1952) stressed the importance of basic anxiety. She believes that if a child is raised in an atmosphere of love and security, that child could avoid Freud’s psychosexual parent child conflict b Lawrence Kohlberg: His studies show how important being able to see other people’s points of view is to social development in general and to moral development of moral reasoning Jean Piaget: Discovered that knowledge builds as children grow. Children develop logic and think differently at different ages Lorenz Konrad: (1903- 1989) became a pioneer in the field of animal learning. He discovered that baby geese become attached to their mothers in a sudden, virtually permanent learning process called imprinting Stanley Milgram: conducted the most famous investigation of obedience in 1963. Wanted to determine whether participants would administer painful shocks to others merely because an authority figure had instructed them to do so James Marcia: main contribution is in clarifying the sources and nature of the adolescent identity crisis Philip Zimbardo: made the Zimbardo experiment Solomon Asch: designed what has become a classic experiment to test conformity to pressure from one’s peers Hermann Rorschach: made the inkblot test   Wilhelm Wundt: he proposed that psychological experience is composed of compounds, much like the ones found in chemistry Phillipe Pinel: Father of scientific psychiatry   Dorothea Dix: Chief spokesperson for reform