Descartes Failure Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Descartes' Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation and inference, which make up what he calls sensation, and then consider the consequences of this failure to follow his method. Second, I will show that in his treatment of thinking Descartes fails to distinguish between active and passive thinking. Although he succeeds in showing that he is aware of thinking (and therefore at least a passive thinker), from which it follows that he exists, it is possible that Descartes[1] is no more than a passive thinker. I claim that Descartes successfully shows that he exists, that â€Å"there is thinking going on,† and that thereby â€Å"there exists a thinking thing,† but Descartes’ ‘thinking’ may only be a passive awareness of thinking; he may be separate from the active thinker required by the fact that there is thinking-going-on.[2] I will argue that if this is the case, then Descartes doesn’t have free will. Without free will, Descartes can no longer prove the existence of God. As the foundation upon which he re-establishes his knowledge of the world depends on free will then, if my claim is true, Descartes does not succeed in finding a solid foundation for empirical knowledge, nor does he succeed in his secondary goal of proving the existenc e of God. I. Pure Sensation and Inference ... ...ur being active thinkers can be doubted, but only from a third person perspective, for doubting, itself presupposes active thinking. I have chosen to be charitable to Descartes, and allow him those acts, such as doubting, that could legitimately be performed from a third person perspective, so as to avoid undermining his entire account. [21] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p93 [22] ibid. p92 [23] Putnam, p7 [24] This sounds a lot like Berkeley’s suggestion that objects in the physical world continue to exist although we are not perceiving them because they are being perceived by God. [25] I will not discuss this claim further here, due to the length of this paper. [26] Descartes Selected Philosophical Writings Meditations on First Philosophy, p79 [27] ibid. p80

Women informal labor

Throughout the 20th century women in Mexico have endured poverty and found it necessary to venture out into the workplace as a means of subsistence. The increase in industrialism during the time following the Mexican revolutions changed the methods of work within Mexico City and transformed workers’ lives. This era saw more women entering the work force. The type of work granted women in Mexico was mainly in the areas of cigarette and garment making (Porter, 2003). Such occupation ensured that Mexican women spent several hours a day working in factories and performing repetitive actions. These women routinely worked double shifts, and though lower working hours were generally granted to married women, even these women were often required to work well beyond the normal working day (Tuà ±Ãƒ ³n, ). However, women soon began branching out into a wider variety of occupations, and especially since the 1995-95 economic crisis, many women have entered the informal labor force. The male dominated culture has traditionally kept women from advancing in Mexican business, and this has been a major contributor to women’s strong position in the informal economy. This is specifically due to the general uneducated nature of the female population, as well as the patriarchal mentality that prevents qualified women from being hired over men (Nolan, The official age of the female workforce lies between 20 and 24, though since the crisis this has increased to 39 years. In contrast to this, the age range of women in economies of developed countries rises up to 60 years and beyond (In Mexico City proper, the percentage of females employed in the informal economy is approximately 49% (ILO, 2002). Since the informal economy accounts for approximately 64% of all Mexico’s commerce, women do contribute significantly to the economy. However, the compensation granted them as a result of their being a part of the informal economy in a developing country is far below that of their counterparts in the developed world (2002). Women in Mexico City are by far more able to get work in the domestic and agricultural fields than in any area of labor (ILO, 2002). Some of these women, having no other skills, must settle for such work that no one else will perform. The nature of the tasks themselves, such as cleaning toilets and handling other unsavory waste, makes it likely that the women work out of desperation and for very low wages. Other work done in agriculture and manufacturing is done in entrepreneurial fashion, but at such small scales that the profits to be gained are marginal. Despite this, the money earned by these women is approximately three times as high as the minimum wage that currently exists in the country (2002). Furthermore, this wage level lies below the per capita income received on a national level—placing women still within a dominant position in the country. A significant portion of the work done in the informal economy is actually done for legitimate firms, but through subcontracts where workers work off site (ILO, 2002). Though this presents a brighter prospect for informal workers, only few women get a chance to participate in this kind of work, and it does not represent a significant portion of the Mexican informal economy. In contrast, most of the work done in the informal economies of developed countries exists in this form and much of it is performed by women (ILO, 2002). When this work can be obtained by Mexican women, much of it is done perennially and women are granted contracts for only three or four months at a time. The problem is that the women who work under such conditions are not given the full range of benefits that are granted to those with full time status. Because informal jobs are held by the vast majority of the women in Mexico City’s workforce, it follows that most women in the workforce are forced to work without benefits. However, even women who work under these conditions fare better than those who work in other areas of the informal economy. The fact that Mexican women’s wages in the informal economy lies above minimum wage loses its potency when one considers the loss of purchasing power suffered by the Mexican minimum wage during the 1990’s. This fact places Mexican women in a bad position compared with their counterparts in the developed world. Women of first world countries (such as South Africa and the United States) who engage in informal labor are generally found to perform â€Å"home-based work.† Such jobs are generally of a much more sophisticated nature involving modern technology and commanding much higher wages. This fact points toward the relative difference between the education levels of women in Mexico compared with their counterparts in the developed world. A notable exception is in the similarity that might be found between women workers in Mexico many women within the informal sector South Africa. This is especially as it regards persons of the South African lower class who, as a relic of the Apartheid tradition, engage also in domestic, agriculture, and manufacturing work. However, as a general rule, women who work in the informal economy of Mexico City perform more manually grueling work for less pay and compensation than their first-world counterparts (Arizpe, 1997; ILO, 2002). References Arizpe, L. (1997). â€Å"Women in the informal labor sector: the case of Mexico City.† The women, gender, and development reader. Dhaka: University Press Limited. ILO. (2002). Women and men in the informal economy: a statistical picture. Employment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sector, International Labour Office. Geneva. Nolan, J. P. (1999). Mexico business: the portable encyclopedia for doing business with Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: World Trade Press. Porter, S. (2003). Working women in Mexico City. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Tuà ±Ãƒ ³n, J. (1999). Women in Mexico: a past unveiled. Austin: U. of Texas Press.

Computer Engineering Becoming A Computer Engineer

Computer Engineering Computer engineering is a very extensive, challenging career. To become a computer engineer you need years of experience and college education. Many people think this career is easy and good paying, but is not that easy, excessive amount of knowledge is needed to become a top class engineer in this field, but that doesn’t mean it is an impossible task. One must understand that computer engineering is a challenge since before one begins studying it. With that kept in mind an undergraduate must know their qualifications, training, job duties and drawbacks, salary, hours, work calendar and employment in order to become a Computer Engineer. The qualifications of a computer engineering are broad. Computer engineering†¦show more content†¦As mentioned before, continued study is necessary throughout the entire career as a Computer engineer. Courses can be taken since high school to have a good foundation and to be better prepared for future studies. As mentioned before some companies offer internship for high school students, which is the beginning of a life full of practice. Yeah this career is full of practice, the training is achieved in an associate and bachelor’s degree. The studies not only involve theory classes, but also the practical training of the basics, for example, programming, how to arm and disarm a computer, this last involves the hardware part. Of course time is needed to learn all the basics, one must not give up practicing, for practicing is the most important aspect during training. Always keeping in mind that no matter how long one has been a computer engineer to keep skills up to dat e practice is needed. A professional certification is not usually considered necessary, if one has the skills to work the certification would be an extra bonus, meaning more profits. Some of the engineers have more than one job duty. taking for example the duty of a doctor, he has to measure body temperature, blood pressure, check the sugar levels in one`s blood, give the shots, etc... The computer engineer has many duties too and each one of it has its importance. Starting off with designing and supervising the production of computer hardware equipment, hardware is the skeletonShow MoreRelatedComputer Software Engineering : The Future?1253 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Software Engineering: The future? Computers are a tool that we as human beings are learning to use and are accustomed to. Humans are relying on them more and more everyday to get them to their destination or to make an important phone call to mom. Computer software engineers are the people that make the computers and mobile devices able to be used. Without software a computer or mobile device is just a piece of metal or plastic like a paperweight. Windows and Mac OS were designed by theseRead MoreCareer Research : Computer Hardware Engineer1113 Words   |  5 PagesFreedman 9/26/14 Career Research Test Project Career 1: Computer Hardware Engineer Salary Range 63,970 - 150,130 (â€Å"Computer Hardware Engineers†). Skills In order for one to obtain this job they would need the following skills, problem-solving, speaking, and critical-thinking skills (â€Å"Computer Hardware Engineers†). Personality traits: Personality traits needed in order to become a computer hardware engineer; one must be detail-oriented, persistent, and innovative (R.Mcdavid, S.Mcdavid)Read MoreComputer Engineering : Science And Electrical Engineering1665 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication 12 December, 2014 Computer Engineering From iPhones to Lamborghinis to the orion spacecraft; all of them required computer engineers. Computer engineering is the bridge between computer science and electrical engineering, it is where the heart of most modern technology is created and developed. With the emergence of personal computing and the every day growing demand for more in our technology, computer engineers rise to the challenge. â€Å"Computer hardware engineers research, design, developRead MoreThe Field Of Computer Engineering1347 Words   |  6 Pagesfor science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) are attractive for many prospective students. My own personal interest lies in the field of computer engineering, which is categorized as a STEM career and reaps the benefits of such a classification. The field of computer engineering requires relatively modest education, but still rewards employees with a comfortable life, numerous benefits, and personal fulfillment. The qualifications of working as a computer engineer are relatively modest whenRead MoreComputers Are Becoming The Way Of The Future1508 Words   |  7 Pages Computers and technology seem to fascinate many people, so it should come as no surprise that there are many occupations that involve computers and technology. Computers are everywhere, even in places that most do not think. Most people who are asked how many computers they have in their house would give an incorrect answer. Many just state how many actual computers they have, not realizing that computers are in a lot of devices in their home. There are hundreds, maybe even thousands of computersRead MoreHow Computer And Software Systems Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pageshave always wanted a career that deals with computer science. Working with computers in general is interesting to me. This is the way it has always been. I have gone back and forth and chose other things over the years, but I always go back to a career with tech nology. I want to learn more about how computers function and how to manage computer and software systems. I also want to learn the different programming languages and how to put code into a computer. I want to be able to have a job that I likeRead MoreA Career as a Software Engineer Essays1087 Words   |  5 Pages Being a Software Engineer is more than just programming. It’s a chance to help other people through the power of technology. Having this as a job gives engineers the power to influence other peoples life through programs that could help them with day to day tasks. Software Engineering is an expanding occupation, which means that more and more jobs are opening up for this position everyday. Also, one of the perks of this job is how much money you make. Software Engineering is a good job becauseRead MoreComputer Engineering : My Future Degree1513 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Engineering: My Future Degree Computers and technology seem to fascinate many people, so it should come as no surprise that there are many occupations that involve computers and technology. Computers are everywhere, even in places that most do not think. Most people who are asked how many computers they have in their house would give an incorrect answer. Many just state how many actual computers they have, not realizing that computers are in a lot of devices in their home. There are hundredsRead MoreA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Essay examples922 Words   |  4 PagesA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Computer Hardware Engineering is something that sparked my interest when I was younger. I was very young when I was first introduced to computers and consoles and such. It mainly started when I was very young and my older brother showed me video games, on systems like the Gameboy. The Gameboy was basically how I started to become interested in video games, and after the handhelds I began to play on consoles. Then in the past couple of years I startedRead MoreComputer Hardware Engineering : The Advancement Of Technology1246 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Hardware Engineering The advancement in technology has made an evolution in the world today. Everything people use now is because of the advancement of technology. The social media used now and all of the jobs are based around today’s technology. Technology has changed the work industry in everything from textile making, to computer chips. The machines and all of the tools used we designed and made with technology. Computer engineers are working every day to make technology better. Computer

The United States And Native Americans Essay - 1300 Words

The history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History of Treaties between the United States and Native Americans From the year of 1778 until about 100 years later in 1871, the United States government has been trying to lower the tension and heal their relationship with many Native Tribes by making treaties. Throughout the hundreds of years and hundreds of treaties that were negotiated between the two nations of the U.S. and the Native American nation. Basically the treaties were to make the Native Americans citizens of their tribes while living in the U.S. boundaries. Through these treaties being made the Native Americans basically gave up all there rights from hunting, to living on parcels of the land and trading goods. But the United States did not take all of the land away they gave them small amounts of land to use for tribe use Thomas Jefferson saw that the white settlers wanted the land and would be difficult to give white settlers land if the Native Americans continued their current way of life. Thomas Jefferson in 1803,Show MoreRelatedNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should haveRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on t he quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States873 Words à ‚  |  4 Pageshow they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, territorial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease inRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hardships are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reserva tions, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squanto Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involvedRead MoreThe Great Impact On Native American Nation And The United States Of America1767 Words   |  8 Pagesdisagreements, disrespect, feuds, or even over the smallest of matters. For example, one of the biggest feuds in American history that just ended recently was between the Hatfield’s and McCoy’s. This just shows you how petty, ignorant, and uncivilized we as a people can become. However, the greatest and most crucial feud of all was between the entire Native American Nation and the United States of America. This war of hate and disrespect towards tribes of people and their culture is uncalled for and has

Example Of 3p Movies - 1410 Words

Top 15 Free 3GP Mobile Movie Download Sites Having a video content movie to play directly on your cell phone is a big addition to any website that targets mobile users. Increasingly people are getting more attached to their mobile phones than their laptops. 3GP movies can be downloaded to your mobile using a third-party tool. 1. Fztvseries.com It’s a perfect website if you want to download easily newly released movies and various TV series in 3GP and AVI formats. It has a great database and most of the new movies are uploaded as earliest as possible. Also, it owns FAQ features and a Facebook with detailed information and troubleshoot any issue that you may face. For example, Fztvseries allows that its users request to release each†¦show more content†¦https://moviespur.org/ 4. New3gpmovies It’s another one of the great websites known to download 3GP mobile movies hollywood in hindi. The best thing about this website is it provides you a great collection of movies and tv shows in a 3GP format without any cost and also the size of these 3GP movie files will not take over entire storage of your mobile device. To download 3GP movies for this website you will need their official browser, through it you can get improved downloading speed. new3gpmovies.co.in/ 5. Club3gp If you love to watch movies and tv shows, this website is made for you. One of the great thing about Club3gp is that you find numerous movies on this website that are not available on any other website. This website allows you to watch and download every movie and shows available in the collection in 3GP format. There is no worry to catch malicious files from this website, it is safe to your mobile phone and free of viruses and malware. http://ww17.club3gp.com/ 6. 3gpmania It’s an amazingly designed website that allows you to download new 3GP movies and tv shows in light size 3GP formats with great quality. The best thing about this website is its quality and size of 3GP movie files. If you want to have a great 3GP experience, this website is made for you and your entertainment need. The movies are arranged into categoriesShow MoreRelatedProduct Placement vs Tv Advertisement8824 Words   |  36 Pagesvague or nonexistent regulations, the transition is moving slower in Europe due to stricter rules governing the use of product placement (PQ Media, 2006). In Europe, The European Commission is working on the legislation of using product placements for movies or TV-programmes and has set out its plans, in order to update 1989s Television Without Frontiers Directive, extending the rules to all TV-like services and relaxing the rules of advertising to allow product placements. The Commission has set outRead MoreProduct Placement vs Tv Advertisement881 7 Words   |  36 Pagesvague or nonexistent regulations, the transition is moving slower in Europe due to stricter rules governing the use of product placement (PQ Media, 2006). In Europe, The European Commission is working on the legislation of using product placements for movies or TV-programmes and has set out its plans, in order to update 1989s Television Without Frontiers Directive, extending the rules to all TV-like services and relaxing the rules of advertising to allow product placements. The Commission has set outRead MoreConsumer Behavior : Avatar the Movie3709 Words   |  15 Pagesfemale protagonist, the love theme, the spiritual mystical atmosphere, the beauty of the environment or the fact that the God is an actual female makes this movie appealing to the opposite gender. James Cameron as always depicted strong women in his movies, the evolution of society making women more and more present in high managerial roles is depicted in this movie even from the First Trail er where you can see a female head scientist warrior and an helicopter pilot. Marketing campaigns which stressRead MoreMarketing Communications Ford3565 Words   |  15 Pagessales were generated due to online marketing. Courtesy: Interactive Advertising Bureau: Ford Sales Case Study The 3Ps of Marketing Communications Strategy according to Fill (2005) 4th ed. Marketing Communications, Essex, Prentice Hall, pg 331 are pull, push and profile strategies. The above advertising campaign was directly targeted at end-users, hence serves as a practical example of the pull strategy. The evaluation technique used to gauge the success of marketing communications is online surveysRead MoreMarketing Management of Apple Brand Extension6357 Words   |  26 Pages Course work Marketing management Page | 1 LSBF Marketing management Executive summary This course work was undertaken as part of the assessment in Marketing Management module. It focuses on new product line extension in the example of Apple Inc.’s recent product iPad and comes up with a marketing plan for the extension to it. New product extension is in the form of utilizing iPad as an external monitor and in the future as a control device over other electrical equipment thatRead MoreSupply and Demand and United States6544 Words   |  27 Pageselasticity of supply when the price is $80. When the price is$100. c. What are the equilibrium price and quantity? d. Suppose the government sets a price ceiling of $80. Will there be a shortage, and, if so, how large will it be? 2. Refer to Example 2.4 on the market for wheat. At the end of 1998, both Brazil and Indonesia opened their wheat markets to U.S. farmers. (Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/) Suppose that these new markets add 200 million bushels to U.S. wheat demand. What will beRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesexercises and cases have been added to most chapters. †¢ Answers to selected exercises are now available in Appendix 1 †¢ A third major computer exercise has been added to the Appendix 2; †¢ The â€Å"Snapshot from Practice† boxes feature a number of new examples of project management in action as well as new research highlights that continue to promote practical application of project management. Overall the text addresses the major questions and issues the authors have encountered over their 60 combinedRead MoreAdvertising and Promotion Essay 312313 Words   |  50 Pagesand punishment, and influence them by using symbols, training and indoctrinating in various ways so that persuasion does not seem to be exaggerated (Fill, 2002). BMW (Bayeriche Motoren Werke AG) a German automobile company founded in 1916, for an example wishes to communicate with its customers regarding its new car, launched in market. The organisation wants to send a message to the customers saying its new car’s features and benefits. It will have to go through the communication process to haveRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesGamble’s A. G. Lafley, eBay’s Meg Whitman, and Bain Company’s Orit Gadiesh. Some entrepreneurs’ companies that we studied were successful and well known; some were not (for example, Movie Mouth, Cow-Pie Clocks, Terra Nova BioSystems). But all offered a surprising and unique value proposition relative to incumbents. For example, each offered new or different features, pricing, convenience, or customizability compared to their competition. Our goal was less to investigate the companies’ strategiesRead Moreunethical advertising14492 Words   |  58 Pagesthrough the creation and reinforcement of brand image and brand loyalty. For these purposes advertisements often contain both factual information and persuasive messages. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet, and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. Definition of Advertisement Description or presentation of a product, idea, or organization, in order to

Children ove free essay sample

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Children over 15 years should be allowed to make declslons about their lives without the Interference of their parents or teachers. Society should accept that children mature at a younger age these days and should adjust the law accordingly. Discuss this statement in relation to your own society or a society that you know well. Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. You should write at least 250 words. Because of the easy access to information, and better education system today, children above the age of 15 In my country, have greater knowledge and confidence, but this has not given them the emotional maturity or experience to take Important decisions without the active participation of parents or teachers. Hence, there Is no need to change the present law to accommodate the rights of children of this age group. We will write a custom essay sample on Children ove or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first place, if the law is amended to protect the rights these children, both parents and teacher would completely lose their control over them both at home and n school. Since this is psychologically a vulnerable age, they can easily be lured by misleading elements in the society, who can exploit them physically and emotionally. Furthermore, they could be deviated to bad habits like drug addiction, alcoholism and uncontrolled sexual Indulgence. Elders would require a lawful control over them at this age to safeguard them from such potential dangers. Secondly, the important decisions that children take, can easily go wrong, because of the lack of experience and the temperamental nature of their decision making process. Since children would be able to make decisions about their personal, professional or education life, like career choices or life partners, wrong decisions can prove to be detrimental to their success in future life. For example, as the age of 15 is crucial period for them to lay a foundation in their educational career, if not properly guided, there could be a danger of greater school dropouts and career choices that would not match their intellectual aptitudes. Parents and teachers who have greater experience and emotional maturity should gulde them at this age, but at the same time should not Impose their Ideas on them. Children over 1 5 years should be allowed to make decisions about their lives without the interference of their parents or teachers. Society should accept that children children above the age of 15 in my country, have greater knowledge and confidence, but this has not given them the emotional maturity or experience to take important decisions without the active participation of parents or teachers. Hence, there is no and uncontrolled sexual indulgence. Elders would require a lawful control over them guide them at this age, but at the same time should not impose their ideas on them.

Principal-Agent Problems Are Caused by Insufficient Oversight by Company Directors free essay sample

Some theories try to put in place â€Å"the best way† to solve all the problems that present to the organizations. These studies suggest to us the following question. Do different interests from the operators cause the organizational issues? Through the expertise of the governance theories we will discuss the issue that exists between the owners and the managers of companies (Principal-Agent). This case study deals about the recent outrage that happened this summer about different cheatings in the Australian sports field. As part of this, Essendon players used banned substances to enhance their performance. This problem was quickly linked, by the experts, to the lack of governance and rapidly became the center of attention. The principal-Agent issues are caused by insufficient oversight by company directors: Lack of control. Discussing this point comes to define the obvious. What is the directors’ control? Do the managers need to have their own liberty? All these questions show how important are the definitions of the relationship between the Principal and the agent. We will write a custom essay sample on Principal-Agent Problems Are Caused by Insufficient Oversight by Company Directors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shareholders and the agents. The agency theory discusses this point. Regarding to the work of Jensen and Meckling (1976), â€Å" the agency theory identifies the agency relationship where one part (the principal) delegates work to another part (the agent). † Some issues are related to this self-control theory. In fact, the agents are considered as individuals looking after their self-interest, and not the interest of the company. The Essendon scandal is a good example that shows how the managers can look after their own interest. So the winning at any cost policy became the watchwords. Indeed, The rapidly growing area of sports science was apparently a secret for the boards; even the biggest names in corporate governance that recently joined the Australian sports governance had no idea about these practices. For these reasons it seems normal that the relationship between the board and the managers is connected by contracts. This issue shows how important is the definition of the responsibilities for the agents. The outrage is considered as a lack of leadership and firm governance regulation. If the team had a clear policy against banned supplements there will be certainly not cheatings by taking drugs. Indeed, some players did not do it on purpose. If we consider their situation, we will realize that the drugs offered a simple resolution to their dilemma between enhancing performance and overstep the law. Recently, the Australian sport became very popular and attracts huge amounts of money. The club managers are running for the winning in a big rivalry. Thus, taking enhancing performance supplements shows how important it is for the board to keep a close oversight on the important matters, put on monitoring systems and stay informed. As Smith said: ‘the directors of such companies however being the managers rather of other people’s money than of their own, it cannot well be expected that they should watch over it with the same anxious as if it were their own’. ‘Business of business is business’: the agent serves only the principal’s interests. On the other hand, there is another theory that supports that the agents serve, and well, the principal’s interests: the stewardship theory. Thus, the manager has to maximize the owners’ interests rather than the other actors of the company. Milton Friedman has presented the efficiency perspective of social responsibility. According to him, the business of business is business. In other words, a manager’s responsibility is to maximize profits for the owners of the business. From Friedman’s perspective, managers have no obligation to act on behalf of society if it does not maximize value for the shareholders. For example, one of the issues in the AFL Teams governance is to keep good coaches even if they are not popular or to only focus on the winning. From the efficiency perspective, it is impossible for managers to maximize shareholders’ wealth and simultaneously attempts to fulfill all of society’s need. In most large organizations today, the manager is not the owner. Managers serve as the agents of the organization’s owner (shareholders). Considering this point, we can easily accept that good coaches consideration depend on their popularity (winning average) for the supporters; which grow the benefits for the shareholders. Thus, rather than maintaining a close monitoring of the managers, the stewardship theory give another solution that seems to give more liberty to the agents. By creating a third board independent chair of the CEO to bind between the agent and the principal interests. It will set clear the company expectations. The team for example will look after a best solution to enhance the players’ performance without resorting to doping. The ultimate aim of the company is to maximize the interests of all the members. The Essendon scandal showed that the agents had to make cutbacks in several areas as marketing, administration, finance†¦ to payoff enhance performance scientists huge amounts. As a result, the team had balanced efficiency issues. Did the leaders stay silent or were not skilled to anticipate this issue and its consequences? In summary, the principal can try to rectify the lack of oversight by different means. They can put in place monitoring and surveillance means to keep informed about the agents’ practices. Furthermore, considering immeasurable results. Set up an encouragement system: rewards (bonus, stock, options ) and punishments. But this solution seems to takeout the agents’ liberty and damage the principal-agent relationship. Also, they can involve independent board to stay on the CEO, hich will have as mission to bind the interests of all the actors involved in the company rather than try to keep an oversight of the company businesses. Reference: Corporate Governance, Christine A. Mallin, Jensen and Meckling (1976), Editorial. (2013, Feb 9-10). Sport and the need for governance. Australian Financial Review: Weekend Edition (Sydney), p. 58. Stensholt, J. (2013, Feb 9-10). The sinister sid e of sports science. Australian Financial Review: Weekend Edition (Sydney), p. 20. Nickless, R. (2012, Feb 13). Learn from the AFL scandal. Australian Financial Review (Sydney), p. 1. Smith, P. (2013, Feb 9-10). Its the officials, and not the athletes, who deserve our scorn. Weekend Australian (Sydney), Sport, p. 35. Paterson, J. (2010). AFL club membership: A glorified stadium entry ticket, or a genuine ownership stake in the club? Company and Securities Law Journal, 28, 507-536. http://www. heraldsun. com. au/afl/more-news/drugs-scandal-takes-huge-toll-on-essendon-chairman-david-evans-as-it-is-suggested-he-has-lost-eight-or-nine-kilos/story-e6frf9jf-1226578281236 http://theconversation. com/essendon-scandal-a-symptom-of-australias-sporting-woes-12085